System and method for interactive document layout

ABSTRACT

A document layout is adjusted to alter the quality of the document by generating an initial document with a plurality of blocks. A user can manually adjust the parameters of the document. Thereafter, a base quantized quality score is generated for the document based upon the manually changed parameters of the document. The parameters of the document are changed and a first quantized quality score for the document is generated. The first quantized quality score is compared with the base quantized quality score. If the first quantized quality score is closer to a preferred quantized quality score than the bench quantized quality score, the base quantized quality score is changed to equal the first quantized quality score and the parameters of the document to equal the changes. The changed document may be displayed after each comparison so that the user can accept the changed document. The process continues iteratively until the user has accepted the changed document or the first quantized quality score is equal to the preferred quantized quality score.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

When documents are created, many decisions must be made as to style,content, layout, and the like. The text, images, and graphics must beorganized and laid out in a two-dimensional format with the intention ofproviding a presentation to the viewer which will capture and preferablymaintain their attention for the time sufficient to get the intendedmessage across. Different style options are available for the variouscontent elements and choices must be made. The best choices for styleand layout depend upon content, intent, viewer interests, etc. In orderto tell if a set of choices made as to the look and feel of the finalversion of the document were good or bad, one might request feedbackfrom a set of viewers after viewing the document and compile thefeedback into something meaningful from which the document's creators ordevelopers can make alterations, changes, or other improvements. Thiscycle repeats until the document's owners are satisfied that the finalversion achieves the intended result.

This is method of designing a document may work well with a single,non-variable, document, but not it can be very labor intensive and/ortime consuming to utilize such a process on a variable informationdocuments.

Variable Information documents are documents that are personalized ortailored in some way to the particular user of the document. Intraditional variable information applications, a graphic artist createsa template for the document, which describes the overall layout for thecontent items, the holes into which the variable content should beplaced, and rules for how to fill in the variable slots with thecontent, or links to particular fields in a database. The variable dataapplication then creates a document for each customer by inserting thedata for the customer into its linked slot. The resulting set ofdocuments can contain instances which don't work well with the designedtemplate's desired quality and/or effectiveness.

Factors that contribute to the quality and effectiveness of a documentare the document's layout and style. Conventionally, these factors havebeen measured using subjective measures, thereby adding to the labor andtime needed to fully evaluate a document.

This may not be a significant problem when evaluating a production runof a non-variable content document because an evaluator needs only tolook at a sample or proof to make a determination if the non-variablecontent documents, generated by the production run, will have thedesired quality and effectiveness. However, if the need is to evaluate aproduction run of variable content documents, an evaluator would need tolook at all the variable content documents on an individual basisbecause although each document may have started with a common template,the inclusion of the variable content into the documents makes eachdocument unique. By requiring an evaluator to review each individualdocument to determine effectiveness and quality, one could not ever havean effective quality control process with respect to production runs ofvariable content documents.

Therefore, it is desirable to measure a document's effectiveness andquality without relying upon an evaluator subjective evaluation.Moreover, it is desirable to provide a methodology to measure thequality of a document in a quantifiable way. It is also desirable toprovide iterative quantifiable measurements of quality which are useablein evaluating an individual document and making individual documentdecisions.

A method for adjusting a layout of a document to alter the quality ofthe document, the quality of the document being a quantized measurementof parameters generates a base document with a plurality of blocks, eachblock having a plurality of document parameters associated therewith;generates a base quantized quality score for the base document basedupon the parameters of the base document; modifies the parameters of thebase document and generating a quantized quality score for the documentbased upon the modified parameters of the base document; compares thequantized quality score with the base quantized quality score; changesthe base quantized quality score to equal the quantized quality scoreand the parameters of the document to equal the modifications when thequantized quality score is closer to a preferred quantized quality scorethan the base quantized quality score; and continues changing (e.g.incrementing and/or decrementing), and comparing until the quantizedquality score is equal to the preferred quantized quality score.

A method for adjusting a layout of a document to alter the quality ofthe document, the quality of the document being a quantized measurementof parameters generates a base document with a plurality of blocks, eachblock having a plurality of document parameters associated therewith;generates a base quantized quality score for the base document basedupon the parameters of the base document; changes the parameters of thedocument and generating a first quantized quality score for the documentbased upon the changed parameters of the document; compares the firstquantized quality score with the base quantized quality score; changesthe bench quantized quality score to equal the first quantized qualityscore and the parameters of the document to equal the changes when thefirst quantized quality score is closer to a preferred quantized qualityscore than the base quantized quality score; displays the changeddocument; determines if a user has accepted the changed document; andcontinues incrementing, decrementing, comparing, and displaying until auser has accepted the changed document.

A method for adjusting a layout of a document to alter the quality ofthe document, the quality of the document being a quantized measurementof parameters generates a base document with a plurality of blocks, eachblock having a plurality of document parameters associated therewith;manually, by a user, changes the parameters of the base document;generates a base quantized quality score for the manually changed basedocument; changes, automatically, the parameters of the document andgenerating a first quantized quality score for the document based uponthe changed parameters of the document; compares the first quantizedquality score with the base quantized quality score; changes the basequantized quality score to equal the first quantized quality score andthe parameters of the document to equal the changes when the firstquantized quality score is closer to a preferred quantized quality scorethan the base quantized quality score; displays the changed document;determines if a user has accepted the changed document; and continuesincrementing, decrementing, comparing, and displaying until the user hasaccepted the changed document.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating and are not to beconstrued as limiting, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an architectural layout forquantifiably measuring document quality;

FIG. 2 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringdocument quality;

FIG. 3 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringdocument aesthetics;

FIGS. 4 to 7 illustrate examples of visual balance;

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate examples of quantifiably measuring visualbalance;

FIG. 10 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringvisual balance;

FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate examples of non-uniform distribution ofcontent objects over a page;

FIGS. 13 to 15 illustrate examples of white space fraction;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of trapped white space;

FIGS. 7 to 20 illustrate examples of quantifiably measuring trappedwhite space;

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of defining the trapped white space;

FIGS. 22 to 24 illustrate examples of alignment;

FIG. 25 illustrates an example of quantifiably measuring and graphicallyplotting alignment with respect to a left edge;

FIG. 26 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringdocument alignment;

FIGS. 27 to 30 illustrate examples of document regularity;

FIG. 31 illustrates an example of page security;

FIG. 32 illustrates an example of page proportionality;

FIG. 33 illustrates an example of separability;

FIG. 34 illustrates an example of group identity;

FIG. 35 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringgroup ease of use;

FIG. 36 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringeffective separation;

FIGS. 37 to 41 illustrate examples of separation;

FIG. 42 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringeffective distinguishability;

FIG. 43 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringtotal distinguishability;

FIGS. 44 to 46 illustrate examples of distinguishability;

FIG. 47 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringdirect locatability;

FIG. 48 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringmember locatability;

FIGS. 49 and 50 illustrate examples of locatability;

FIG. 51 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringtotal locatability;

FIG. 52 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringgroup identity;

FIGS. 53 and 54 illustrate examples of coherence;

FIG. 55 illustrates examples of group boundary area;

FIGS. 56 and 57 illustrate examples of style;

FIG. 58 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuring eyecatching ability;

FIG. 59 illustrates an example of a color gamut;

FIG. 60 illustrates an example of a hue angle;

FIG. 61 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringinterest;

FIG. 62 illustrates an example of variety;

FIG. 63 illustrates an example of change rate;

FIG. 64 illustrates an example of graphic fraction;

FIG. 65 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringcommunicability;

FIG. 66 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringlegibility;

FIG. 67 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringdecipherability;

FIG. 68 illustrates an example of line retrace;

FIG. 69 illustrates an example of line separation;

FIGS. 70 to 73 illustrate examples of quadding;

FIG. 74 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringtechnical level;

FIGS. 75 to 77 illustrate examples of image balance;

FIG. 78 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuring easeof progression;

FIG. 79 illustrates an example of consistency of scan;

FIG. 80 illustrates an example of consistency of order;

FIG. 81 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuring easeof navigation;

FIG. 82 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringcomfort;

FIG. 83 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringneatness;

FIGS. 84 and 85 illustrate examples of neatness;

FIG. 86 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringintimidation;

FIG. 87 illustrates an example of intimidation;

FIGS. 88 and 89 illustrate examples of luminance;

FIGS. 90 and 91 illustrate examples of size;

FIG. 92 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringconvenience;

FIG. 93 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringconsistency of position;

FIG. 94 illustrates a conceptual circuit for quantifiably measuringconsistency;

FIG. 95 illustrates a definable window for quantifiably measuring thevarious quality characteristics of a document;

FIG. 96 illustrates color dissonance as a function of hue difference;

FIG. 97 illustrates iterative changes to the parameters of a document asa quality score is compared with a preferred score; and

FIG. 98 illustrates a flowchart for iteratively adjusting the parametersof a document.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a general understanding, reference is made to the drawings. In thedrawings, like reference have been used throughout to designateidentical or equivalent elements. It is also noted that the variousdrawings are not drawn to scale and that certain regions may have beenpurposely drawn disproportionately so that the features and conceptscould be properly illustrated.

As discussed above, document design typically relies upon the expertiseof the designer. However, conventional automatic document layout systemshave been developed to assist in document design. However, theseconventional systems are not iterative and usually fail to capture thewishes of the user or designer.

Thus, it is desirable to provide an iterative editing system thatutilizes the document optimization rules of the conventional automaticdocument layout systems wherein the iterative editing system is appliedto a single document. Moreover, it is desirable to provide an iterativeediting system that makes a series of small adjustments or changes tothe parameters of the document so that the parameters of the documentslowly settle into an individual optimum configuration. Furthermore, itis desirable to optionally allow manual adjustments by the user to beintermingled with the small adjustments or changes of the system. Thesechanges can be conveyed to a user through a “what you see is what youget” graphical user interface.

To realize an iterative editing system, a document editor is utilized.The document editor responds to both the commands of the designer andthe optimizing adjustments of the system. As noted above, a “what yousee is what you get” editing approach is preferred

In the iterative editing system, the designer interacts with thedocument elements (such as blocks of text or pictorial images, or otherforms of information content). More specifically, the designer maychange the document element positions, or change their dimensions (usingwell-known drag-and-drop techniques, for example), or alter styling. Theinteractions of the designers alter parameters in the underlyingdocument model that is being viewed. After the parameters are altered,algorithmic graphic design rules are applied to the document model and ameasure of the quality of the current design is calculated. The systemthen iteratively makes small changes to the document parameters toimprove the quality measure. The changes are reflected in the designer'sview of the layout. The changes may be so small so as to suggest asmooth continuous adjustment of the layout. It is noted that the processcan also be timed to be slow enough that the designer can intercept orinterrupt the process, but not so slow as to make an undesirable delay.

When the designer makes a change to an element of the design, all of theelements of the design adjust and adapt to the change to locallyoptimize it. A simple example would be to step through the documentparameters and for each (continuous) parameter calculate the qualityfunction with the a small increment and a small decrement; compare thescores to the original quality value; and if either of the changedvalues improves the score, switch to the improved score andcorresponding parameter value. This allows each parameter, one afteranother, to take a small step towards the local optimum.

It is noted that the designer could turn off the automatic adaptationtemporarily so as to make several adjustments to the page beforeallowing it to adjust. It is noted that the system can also allow theuser to dynamically fix a parameter value or relationship betweenparameter values to further constrain the behavior. It is also notedthat the designer can dynamically control the weights used to combinethe various rules that contribute to the overall quality measure.Lastly, it is noted that the designer can be given feedback as to thescores of the various design rules.

FIG. 97 illustrates an example of a document being processed by theiterative editing system. As illustrated in FIG. 97, a base document 200is provided with three blocks (A, B, and C). Blocks (A, B, and C) maycontain text and/or pictorial image data. As noted above, the iterativeediting system may allow the user to manually change the parameters ofthe document to create a user defined base document 201. Using the basedocument 200 or the user defined base document 201, the iterativeediting system calculates a base quantized quality score. Uponcalculating the base quantized quality score, the iterative editingsystem makes small changes to the base document (the base document 200or the user defined base document 201) and calculates a quantizedquality score. If the calculated quantized quality score is closer to apreferred quantized quality score than the calculated base quantizedquality score, the iterative editing system replaces the calculated basequantized quality score with the calculated quantized quality score andadjusts the document 202 to correspond to the new parameters.

As noted above, the new adjusted document 202 may be displayed for theuser to consider or apply further manual adjustments. Thereafter, theautomatic adjustment process is repeated to generate a new document 203.Again, the new adjusted document 203 may be displayed for the user toconsider or apply further manual adjustments. Finally, when thecalculated quantized quality score is equal to the preferred quantizedquality score or the user accepts the document, the final document 204is ready for use. Moreover, the document can be displayed after apredetermined number of parameter modifications. Furthermore, thedocument can be displayed when a difference between the quantizedquality score and the preferred quantized quality score is within apredetermined range, or when the difference between the quantizedquality score and the base quantized quality score exceeds apredetermined threshold.

FIG. 98 illustrates a flowchart the process of the iterative editingsystem. As noted above, a base document is provided, at step S100, withblocks that may contain text and/or pictorial image data. The iterativeediting system, at step S102, may allow the user to manually change(step S101) the parameters of the document to create a user defined basedocument. Using the base document or the user defined base document, theiterative editing system calculates a base quantized quality score.

Upon calculating the base quantized quality score, the iterative editingsystem makes small changes, at step S103, (incremental and decremental)to the base document (either the base document or the user defined basedocument) and calculates, step S104, a quantized quality score. It isnoted that a user may affect the calculated quantized quality score, byinputting the weights used to combine the various rules that contributeto the overall quality measure or fix a parameter value or relationshipbetween parameter values to provide further constraints on the qualitymeasure.

Thereafter, at step S106, it is determined if the calculated quantizedquality score is closer to a preferred quantized quality score than thecalculated base quantized quality score. If the calculated quantizedquality score is closer to a preferred quantized quality score than thecalculated base quantized quality score, the iterative editing system,at step S105, replaces the calculated base quantized quality score withthe calculated quantized quality score and adjusts the document tocorrespond to the new parameters.

As noted above, the quantized quality score may be displayed for theuser. Moreover, the new adjusted document may be displayed for the userto consider or apply further manual adjustments. Thereafter, theautomatic adjustment process is repeated to generate a new document.Again, the new adjusted document may be displayed for the user toconsider or apply further manual adjustments. Moreover, the document canbe displayed after a predetermined number of parameter modifications.Furthermore, the document can be displayed when a difference between thequantized quality score and the preferred quantized quality score iswithin a predetermined range. Finally, when the calculated quantizedquality score is equal to the preferred quantized quality score or theuser accepts the document, the final document is ready for use.

It is noted that the basic quality measures can be combined into morecomprehensive scores. Combined scores such as these can be presented tothe user in addition to, or as an alternative to the basic qualitymeasures. The methodologies used to measure quality; such as aesthetics,ease of use, convenience, interest, communicability, comfort, andeye-catching; in a quantifiable manner will be discussed below. Optionsfor improving the document can also be suggested in addition toreporting quality scores and displaying the resulting document.

Various methods for quantifying various document properties to assistdocument developers in determining document quality will be discussedbelow. Quality can have several competing aspects and the overallquality can depend not only on the absolute properties of the document,but also on the relative importance of these properties to the beholder.One aspect or class of document quality is its aesthetics, which is itsbeauty, the degree to which pleasure can be derived from its appearance.Often this property is manifested in the degree of displeasure generatedby an ugly layout.

Another aspect or class contributing to the quality of a document is theeffectiveness with which it communicates information to the user.Documents are vessels of information, and the ease at which the viewercan gather and understand the information can be an important factor inhow well the document does its job. A third aspect or class thatcontributes to the quality of a document is its ease of use. A factorthat contributes to the ease of use is how convenient the document is,that is, can it be used with a minimum of effort. A second factorcontributing overall ease of use is content grouping. Information oftenhas some logical organization and documents can reflect thisorganization by grouping the content. The effectiveness, with which thedocument coveys this grouping and enables the viewer to capitalize onit, contributes to the ease of use. A fourth aspect or class that entersinto document quality is the degree to which the user is comfortablewith it. Documents that create anxiety are generally not as desirable asthose that the viewer finds soothing and familiar. A fifth aspect orclass that is an important contributor to the quality of some documentsis the degree to which they can catch the eye of the viewer.Advertisements for example, strive to capture the attention and not tobe easily overlooked. A sixth aspect or class that is similar is theability for the document to maintain interest. It is one thing tocapture the attention, but another to hold it and to avoid boredom asthe document is used. A seventh aspect or class of quality can be theeconomy of the document, both to the creator and to the viewer. If theother contributors to quality are the same, then a lower cost version ofa document is generally considered better than a more expensive one.While other factors may also contribute to document quality, themeasuring of these seven aspects or classes provides a good basis forevaluating document quality.

The aspects or classes listed as contributing to document quality (withthe exception of economy) are usually considered soft and ill-definedconcepts; however, these properties can be quantified. The method formeasuring and quantifying these attributes is to first identify documentfeatures that contribute to the property. Quantifiable measures of theindividual features are then devised. And finally, the individualfeature values are combined to form an overall score for the moreabstract property. A full discussion of the quantization of documentquality is set forth in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/881,157, filed Jun. 30, 2004. The entire content of co-pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/881,157 is hereby incorporated byreference.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an architectural layout forquantifiably measuring document quality. As illustrated in FIG. 1, thequantization of a document's quality can be carried out in by a systemarchitecture that includes a memory 91, a document processor circuit 92,microprocessor 90, user interface 94, and a display 93. The memory 91may store for processing purposes a portion of a document, a page of thedocument, a portion of a page of a document, a document, or multipledocuments.

The display 93 may display the document or portion thereof that is beingquantized with respect to quality. The display 93 may also display thevarious options that a user can choose though the user interface 94 withrespect to the classes that the user wishes to quantize or the variousparameters that a user can choose though the user interface 94, whichare to be measured within the chosen quantization class.

The quantization architecture of FIG. 1 further includes variouscircuits for measuring/quantizing various aspects or classes of documentquality. These circuits include aesthetics quantizer 10, ease of usequantizer 20, eye catching ability quantizer 30, interest quantizer 40,communicability quantizer 50, comfort quantizer 60, conveniencequantizer 70, and economy quantizer 75. Each of these (except theeconomy quantizer, for which measures and methods are well known) willbe discussed in more detail below.

On the other hand FIG. 2 illustrates a single quality quantizer orcombiner 80 that receives measured and/or calculated quantized valuesrepresenting aesthetics, ease of use, eye catching ability, interest,communicability, comfort, and/or convenience. Quality quantizer orcombiner 80 processes these values based upon a predetermined algorithmso as to generate a quality quantization value for the document orportion of the document being analyzed. If alternate or additionalmeasures of quality are considered, they would also be combined atcombiner 80.

Each value thereof is based on properties inherent in the documentitself. The values are individually combined into an overall value orscore for the document. Other methods for measuring, assigning, orotherwise associating a quantifiable value for document quality shouldbe considered for determining a value for document quality. Each rulemay be defined to produce a value ranging between 0 and 1 such that 0means low value and 1 means high value. This enables quantized qualityvalues to be calculated and combined to form the overall documentquality measure. If V_(i) is the value calculated for the i^(th) rule,the document quality measure V_(Q) is formed as a function E of thesecontributions such that: V_(Q)=E(V₁, V₂, . . . V_(N)). The combiningfunction E can be as simple as a weighted average of the contributions.However, because any bad contributor can ruin the document quality nomatter how good the others are, a linear combination is not preferred.

For the case of document aesthetics, the methods herein are used togenerate quantifiable values for the contributing features of: balance,uniformity, white-space fraction, white-space free-flow, alignment,regularity, page security, and/or aspect ratio (optimalproportionality). As illustrated in FIG. 3, a combining circuit 10 (theaesthetics quantizer 10 of FIG. 1) receives measured and/or calculatedquantized values representing balance, uniformity, white-space fraction,white-space free-flow, alignment, regularity, page security, and/oraspect ratio (optimal proportionality) and processes these values basedupon a predetermined algorithm so as to generate an aestheticquantization value for the document or portion of the document beinganalyzed.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, one of the parameters or factors used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's balance or balance in page layout. There may be at least twoprimary ways of defining balance. There is an overall balance where thecenter of visual weight is at the visual center of a page of a document;as illustrated by FIG. 5 with objects 110 on document 100 havingsubstantially a center of visual weight equal to a visual center of apage of a document; and a left-right balance; as illustrated by FIGS. 6and 7 with objects 110 on document 100 where the weight of object 110 onthe left side of the page is matched by the weight of object 110 at thesame vertical position on the right side of the page. The overallbalance is calculated by determining the center of visual weight 102 ofFIG. 4 and noting how much it differs from the visual center of the page101 of FIG. 4. FIG. 8 provides a detail example of determining theoverall balance of a page of a document. As illustrated in FIG. 8, ifthe visual weight of an object i (110 of FIG. 8) is M_(i) (115 of FIG.8) and the object's center is positioned at (x_(i), y_(i)), the centerof visual weight for the page layout 116 is at (x_(m), y_(m)) wherex_(m)=(Σx_(i)M_(i))/(ΣM_(i)) and y_(m)=(Σy_(i)M_(i))/(ΣM_(i)) are thesums of all objects on the page. Objects 110, as used herein, may referto paragraphs, pictures, graphics, etc.

If the visual center of the page 116 is at (x_(c), y_(c)) and themaximum x and y distances (117 shows the x distance) an object can befrom the visual center 102 are d_(x) and d_(y), a balance value can becalculated as:V_(OB)=1−[(((x_(m)−x_(c))/d_(x))²+((y_(m)−y_(c))/d_(y))²)/2]^(1/2). Notethat one can, in a similar way, compute the balance of subclasses ofobjects by considering only objects belonging to the subclasses. Forexample, one could compute the visual balance of all pictorial images onthe page, or the visual balance of all text blocks. For left-rightbalance, the center of visual weight (118 of FIG. 9) for the x componentis calculated as given above. However, for the y component, what isdesired is that the left and right halves have the same position, ratherthan the total being centered. This is achieved by calculating thecenter of weight for the left side (118) as:y_(L)=(Σy_(i)M_(i))/(ΣM_(i)) where the sums are over the portions ofobjects 110 with x_(i)<x_(c). Similarly, y_(R)=(Σy_(i)M_(i))/(ΣM_(i))where the sums are over the portions of objects with x_(i)>x_(c).

If a content object spans both the left and right sides of the page, forthe purposes of this calculation, the object is divided along thevertical centerline of the page. The left and right divisions of theobject are then entered into the left and right sums, respectively. Ifthe page height is d_(h), a left-right balance value is:V_(LR)=1−[(((x_(m)−x_(c))/d_(x))²+((y_(L)−y_(R))/d_(h))²)/2]^(1/2). Itis noted that other definitions are possible. One might, for example,raise these balance values to powers in order to express the idea thatbalance is non-linear. Ideally, one would perform the psychophysicalexperiments to measure human response to balance and define a functionthat matches that response. The above expressions make use of the visualweight of an object. To first order, this can be defined as the objectsarea times its optical density. However, other psychological effects canalso be included. Examples include color carrying more weight than gray;round shapes carrying more weight than rectangular, and positioning atthe top of the page giving more weight than at the bottom.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, balance is defined with respect to the visualcenter of the page 101. The visual center 101 lies halfway between theleft and right edges of the page, but it is not halfway between the topand bottom. Typically, the visual center 101 is taken to be offset atwentieth of the page height towards the top from the geometric center102. The balance, as illustrated in FIG. 10, is considered a combinationof two approaches described above. In FIG. 10, the quantized overallbalance value is derived by a combining of the overall balance and theleft-right balance using a balance quantizer or combiner circuit 11. Oneapproach is:V_(bl)=1−[w_(ob)(1−V_(ob))^(−q)+w_(LR)(1−V_(LR))^(−q)]^(−1/q). Theweights w_(ob) and w_(LR) give the relative importance of the twobalance approaches and should sum to 1. If either of the balancemeasures is near 1 (good), the overall result is also near 1. Theexponent ‘q’ determines how strong this behavior is.

As illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's uniformity. Content objects 110 may be distributed uniformlyover a page 100, as illustrated in FIG. 12, and not clumped together, asillustrated in FIG. 11. However, for other values, such as attentiongrabbing, it may be beneficial to have clustered and even unbalancedpositioning. Uniformity is preferred. Non-uniformity is defined hereinas the variance of the visual density. For a portion of a page, a visualdensity is determined by it's the visual weight of the objects containedwithin the portion, divided by it's the portion's area such that:D_(i)=ΣM_(j)/A_(i) where the sum is over objects j contained in pageportion i. Densities are preferably scaled to range between 0 and 1. Arescale may be needed if visual weight includes factors in addition tothe optical density that alter the range of values. An average pagedensity can also be defined as the sum of the visual weights for allobjects on the page divided by the imageable area of the page. Theimageable area Ap_(i) is typically the area of the page excludingmargins. D_(AV)=ΣM_(i)/Ap_(i). A non-uniformity value is calculated bydividing the imageable area into a small number of portions andcomparing the visual density for portions to the average page density.

A non-uniformity value can be calculated as the difference between thevisual density for the portion of the page and the average page density,which is squared and weighted by the portion's area. Subtracting 1 thisgives a uniformity value. In other words, a non-uniformity value van bedefined as V_(NU)=1−(Σ(D_(i)−D_(av))²A_(i))/ΣA_(i). The average pagedensity can also be calculated for each page individually, or an overallaverage page density can be determined from the visual weight of allobjects on portions of all pages and the area of all pages.

As illustrated in FIGS. 13 to 15, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's white space fraction. A good page design may be one withwhite space (including margins) totaling about half of the total pagearea. The non-white space area can be estimated by totaling the areas ofthe content objects.

In FIG. 13, the white space fraction, the amount of area not associatedwith an object 110 on page 100, totals more than half of the imageablearea and thus it is undesirable. In FIG. 14, the white space fraction,the amount of area not associated with an object 110 on page 100, totalsless than half of the imageable area and thus it is also undesirable.Lastly, in FIG. 15, the white space fraction, the amount of area notassociated with an object 110 on page 100, totals about half of theimageable area and thus it is optimal. The total object area 110 can bescaled by the total page area A_(p) and the difference between thisvalue and the desired 50% can be found. Squaring the difference to givea positive number produces a measure of how much the layout differs fromthe 50% rule. Scaling by 4 to get a number ranging between 0 and 1 andthen subtracting this from 1 gives the white space fraction quantizationvalue. Thus: V_(WS)=1−4((ΣA_(i)/A_(p))−0.5)². Other measures of theeffect of the white space fraction on document aesthetics and ondocument quality are envisioned herein, for example, a function ofmeasured human responses to differing white space fractions.

As illustrated in FIGS. 16 to 21, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's trapped white space. It may be desired that there should notbe any large blocks of white space trapped, in the middle of the page,by content. The white space should always be connected to the margins.To quantize this class of trapped white space, an efficient method ofdetecting trapped white space is illustrated in FIGS. 16 to 21 anddiscussed in more detail below.

The class of trapped white space is primarily concerned with relativelylarge blocks of white space. One way that efficiency, as used herein,can be improved is by performing a trapped white space analysis at acoarse resolution. The approach taken is to determine the area of allwhite space that can be accessed directly from the margins. This areathen gets added to the area of the content objects (110 of FIG. 16) andcompared to the area of the page. Any difference becomes the amount oftrapped white space (120 of FIG. 16). To achieve this, four profiles(FIGS. 17-20) of white space are accessible from the four margins of thedocument constructed. These profiles are preferably stored in arrays atthe coarse resolution. Call the arrays, for example: TopProf,BottomProf, LeftProf, and RightProf. Elements of the TopProf andBottomProf arrays are initialized to the page height, while the LeftProfand RightProf arrays are initialized to the page width. Next all contentobjects 110 are stepped through and for each, their left (FIG. 17),right (FIG. 18), top (FIG. 19), and bottom (FIG. 20) boundary positions121, 122, 123, and 124, respectively, are found. This information isused to update the profile arrays.

For points from the left to right boundary, the value stored in theTopProf array is compared to the top boundary and the array value isreplaced with the top value if top is smaller. The difference betweenthe bottom boundary and the page height is compared to the BottomProfarray value and updated with the smaller result. Total white space area(125 of FIG. 21) connected to the page edges can be found by examiningthe entire page and comparing and checking each point position againstthe profile arrays. A sum of all points that lie between a page edge andthe corresponding profile boundary is computed. Summing all points inthis manner avoids double counting of areas where profiles overlap. Ifthe total area covered by the content objects (being careful not todouble count areas where objects overlap) is ContentArea and area of thepage is: PageArea=W*H, the white space free-flow value becomes:V_(WF)=(Freeflow+ContentArea)/PageArea. A white space free-flow measurefor the overall document can be defined as an average of the white spacefree-flow for the individual pages. Non-linear combinations are alsopossible such as taking the root of the average of powers of the pagevalues. Other measures of the effect of trapped white space onaesthetics and on document quality are envisioned, for example, afunction of measured responses to differing degrees of trapped whitespace.

As illustrated in FIGS. 22 to 24, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's alignment. It may be desirable for the content objects to bedisplayed in an aligned pattern. The alignment might be for all leftedges to have the same x value.

FIG. 22 illustrates objects 110 on a page 100 that are poorly aligned.On the other hand, FIG. 23 illustrates objects 110 on a page 100 thatare well aligned. A method for calculating an alignment measure, whichcan be applied to object's left edges, right edges or horizontalcenterlines, is disclosed. The method also applies to tops, bottoms, andvertical centers. Each application yields a different alignment measure.These are then all combined for an overall alignment measure. Thealignment measure can be applied to all content objects. To achievethis, first, a histogram of edge (or center) position (FIG. 25) iscreated reflecting the distance objects 110 on page 100 are from anedge, in the illustration of FIG. 24, the edge is the left edge. Thehistogram is preferably created at lower resolutions than the actualpositioning. This reduces alignment sensitivity as well as saving onmemory and computation requirements. If the histogram array is calledEdgeCount, and if the edge position for an object is x, and theresolution reduction factor is b, for each content objectEdgeCount[b*x]+=1. Strong alignment will result in most positionscontributing to the same histogram element. If one is interested in thealignment of the left edges of objects, the histogram is filled usingleft-edge positions. Alignments for right, top, or bottom edges andcenter positions are intended to be calculated similarly. The alignmentmeasure depends on the distances between neighboring entries in thehistogram. The closer together the entries are, the higher the score.This dependence must be non-linear. Otherwise, any moving of an objectcloser to its neighbor is canceled by the moving of the object away fromits neighbor on the other side. The non-linear function used for entriesseparated by a distance z is: A/(A+z) where A is a constant thatcontrols how fast values fall away from 1 as the distance betweenentries increases. If two edges were aligned and the distance separatingthem was z=0, this yields 1. This provides a contribution for thestrength of the entries at that position.

In other words, if a position has n edges contributing, n-1 separationsexist between edges of distance zero. As such, there should be acontribution of n-1 from an entry count of n as well as the contributionfrom the separations between neighboring entry positions. If the totalnumber of components were NumberOfObjects, the maximum contribution, ifthey were all perfectly aligned, would be NumberOfObjects-1. Divide bythis value to normalize the score so that the final result rangesbetween 0 and 1.

The alignment, as illustrated in FIG. 26, is considered a combination ofthe left alignment, right alignment, top alignment, bottom alignment,vertical center alignment, and horizontal center alignment valuesdescribed above. In FIG. 26, the quantized alignment value is derived bya combining of the left alignment, right alignment, top alignment,bottom alignment, vertical center alignment, and horizontal centeralignment values using an alignment quantizer or combiner circuit 12. Anoverall document alignment can be formed as a combination of alignmentvalues determined for separate pages.

As illustrated in FIGS. 27 to 30, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's regularity. When multiple alignment positions occur, it isbest to space those alignment positions in a regular fashion. In otherwords, it is better if rows and columns of a table have relatively thesame heights and widths.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example of low position regularity of objects 110on page 100, while FIG. 28 illustrates an example of high positionregularity of objects 110 on page 100. FIG. 29 illustrates an example oflow spacing regularity of objects 110 on page 100, while FIG. 30illustrates an example of high spacing regularity of objects 110 on page100. One way to measure regularity is to identify the neighbors of eachobject (110) and then consider the distance between corresponding edgesof the object and its neighbors (e.g. the left edge of the object andthe left edge of its neighbors). But because the identification ofneighbors can be expensive, a simpler approximation is often preferred.If it were assumed that the document has been designed such that objectsare strongly aligned, there would be a sharp peak in a histogram of thedistances between alignment positions. The alignment positions are thepeaks identified in the alignment histogram described above. Once theSepCount histogram has been created, process it in the same way as theEdgeCount histogram was processed for alignment with the exception ofdividing by peakCount instead of NumberOfObjects. This provides ameasure of regularity, but it will be dependent on which alignmentmeasure is used in the extraction of alignment position separations.While all six alignments can be used and the results combined, the leftalignment is preferred for determining horizontal regularity and the topalignment is preferred for finding vertical regularity.

Advantageously, these regularity measures can be combined into thedocument quality measure as: V_(RH) and V_(RV) where V_(RH)=pregcalculated when EdgeCount is filled with left edge positions andV_(RV)=preg calculated when EdgeCount is filled with top edge position.An overall position regularity value can be defined as a weighted sum ofthe horizontal and vertical contributions. Other measures of the effectof position regularity on document aesthetics and on document qualityare envisioned, for example, a function of measured responses todiffering position regularities. A uniform separation between objectscan also be calculated to determine document quality. This is a measureof spacing regularity preferably calculated in a manner similar toalignment and positional regularity. However, in this instance, thearray of data values corresponding to EdgeCount, contains the histogramof spacing values between objects. To determine spacing values forhorizontal spacing regularity for each object, first determine theclosest object (if any) that lies to the right and which overlaps in thevertical direction. The spacing then becomes the distance from the rightedge of the current object and the left edge of that object's neighbor.A similar calculation determines separations for the vertical direction.If performance is an issue, an approximation of spacing can be createdwithout the cost of identifying object neighbors by examining arrays ofedge positions (as were generated for the alignment calculation). Forhorizontal spacing, step through the array of right edge positions. Foreach position determine the first left edge to the right of thislocation from the left edge array. The separation value becomes thedistance between the right and left edge positions. To account for thepossibility that more than one object may have an edge at theselocations, enter into the histogram the product of the count of edgesfrom the right and left edge histograms at these locations. The sum ofthese products is then used to normalize the final result instead ofNumberOfObjects as in the alignment calculation. For verticalseparations the calculation is analogous with the use of top and bottomedge values. An approximation of the vertical spacing histogram isdetermined in the same manner using the top and bottom edge-positionarrays. Advantageously, regularity measures can be combined into thedocument quality measure as: V_(SH) and V_(SV) where V_(SH)=sreg whenSpacSepCount is computed from left and right edges, while V_(SV)=sregwhen SpacSepCount is computed from top and bottom edges. An overallseparation regularity measure can be defined as the weighted sum of thehorizontal and vertical contributions. Other measures of the effect ofspacing regularity on document aesthetics and on document quality areenvisioned, for example, a function of measured responses to differingspacing regularities.

As illustrated in FIG. 31, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's page security. Small objects 110 may not be positioned at ornear the edge of a page 100 as they appear insecure and could fall off.This is particularly true of objects such as page numbers placed outsideof the margins. To quantify the page security of an object, the distancefrom its center to each of the page edges is determined. The distancemay be weighted by which edge is used since an object may appear lesssecure near a bottom edge than at the top edge. The minimumweighted-distance should be preserved. If the object center is at(x_(i), y_(i)) and the page size is defined by W×H, for each object,calculate: ps_(i)=min (s_(L)x_(i), s_(T)y_(i), s_(R) (W−x_(i)),s_(B)(H−y_(i))); where s_(L), s_(T), s_(R), and s_(B) are the left, topright and bottom edge weights. An overall page security value is definedas the minimum of all the object values for the page PS=min(ps_(i)).Most objects will appear fine when there is some threshold distance Tbeyond which one should get a value of 1 for the property. To adjust themeasure for this behavior, calculate: V_(ps)=min(1, PS*T⁻¹). Othermeasures of the effect of object position on document aesthetics and ondocument quality are envisioned, for example, a function of measuredresponses to differing positions e.g., insecurity of objects positionednear page edges.

As illustrated in FIG. 32, another parameter or factor used indetermining aesthetics is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's optimal proportionality. Certain proportions may be morepleasing than others. An aspect ratio between width and height ofR=2/(1+√5)=0.618 . . . is often ideal. The ratio of width and height ofthe content on a page is determined and compared to this ratio. Forwidth and height, the bounding box of the content (1101, 1102, 1103,1104, and 1105) is preferred. The bounding box is calculated as follows:Step through the content objects and find the minimum left edge, themaximum right edge, and (measuring top down) the minimum top edge andmaximum bottom edge. The width is the difference between the maximumright edge and minimum left edge. The height is the difference betweenthe minimum top edge and maximum bottom edge. Next, determine whetherthe width or height is the smaller and divide the smaller by the largerto get the aspect ratio A. The absolute difference from the ideal ratioR and scale can be determined to get a number between 0 and 1 asfollows: Var=1−|A−R|/R. In FIG. 32, object 1101 has a goodproportionality or aspect ratio, while object 1102 has a poorproportionality or aspect ratio. Other measures of the effect of aspectratio on document aesthetics and on document quality are envisioned, forexample, a function from measured human responses to differing aspectratios. Other quantifiable features that contribute to the aesthetics ofa document and thereby to the document quality are possible. Theparticular embodiments describe here are meant to illustrate how aquantifiable aesthetic measure can be constructed and how eitherdirectly, or through the aesthetics, they contribute to documentquality. Their identification should not rule out the use of otherfeatures as appropriate.

For the case of document ease of use, the methods herein are used togenerate quantifiable values for the contributing features of:separability, distinguishability, locatablility, searchability, and/orgroup identity. As illustrated in FIG. 35, a combining circuit 20 (theease of use quantizer 20 of FIG. 1) receives measured and/or calculatedquantized values representing separability, distinguishability,locatablility, searchability, and/or group identity and processes thesevalues based upon a predetermined algorithm so as to generate an ease ofuse quantization value for the document or portion of the document beinganalyzed.

Once the document content of interest has been identified, content needsto be characterized, as illustrated in FIG. 33, as to how content isintended to be grouped such that content can be distinguished from othercontent, from other content groups, from other content group members(1104, 1105, 1106) or elements, and from neighboring content (1101,1102, 1103). This can be effectuated by parsing content objects ofinterest into a tree structure of content, as illustrated in FIG. 34,wherein nodes 135 of the content tree are content groups (i.e., lists,tables, etc.) and leaves of the branches 130 of the content tree arecontent elements (i.e., paragraphs, images, and the like). It should beunderstood that one skilled in this art would readily understand thecreating of content trees, branches, nodes, etc., along with how totraverse the tree preferably in a computer science context. Once acontent tree has been created, content which is neighboring the contentobject(s) of interest need to be identified. One procedure takes thecontent tree and traverses up the tree and identifies neighboringbranches thereof. Another then moves down the content tree examiningelements on the identified neighboring branches. In such a manner,content neighboring the content of interest can be identified.

First a neighbor list associated with content group G is initialized toan empty list. The content tree is traversed upward to identify branchesneighboring content group G. The content tree is then traversed downwardsuch that elements of the identified content branches can be examined.Branches are pruned that are considered to exceed a predetermineddistance from the node of the group G. Only branches considered as‘nearby’ are recursively analyzed. Although the process described hereininvolves identifying neighbors N of group G, it should be understoodthat nothing requires group G to actually comprise a group of content asgroup G can be a single element (paragraphs, images, etc.) of content.The procedure IsNeighbor(G,N) is used herein to ascertain whether or nota node N is within a threshold distance of content group G, such thatnode N is to be considered a neighbor N of group G. This can be readilyeffectuated by calculating a distance between group G and neighbor N andcomparing that distance to a threshold variable CloseEnough so as todetermine whether Distance(G,N)<CloseEnough.

Distance can be the distance between content borders or alternativelythe distance between content centers. With respect to the former, if thecontent centers of group G are (x_(G), y_(G)) and neighbor N are (x_(N),y_(N)) and the widths and heights of group G and neighbor N are (w_(G),h_(G)) and (w_(N), h_(N)) respectively, then distance can be readilycomputed by the relationship of: max(abs(x_(G)−x_(N))−(w_(G)+w_(N))/2,0)+max(abs(y_(G)−y_(N))−(h_(G)+h_(N))/2, 0). More complex distancecalculations such as minimum Euclidean distance between corners can alsobe used. The threshold CloseEnough can either be a constant or beadjustable with respect to content size. One can use the square root ofthe area of object G to determine a threshold value such that:CloseEnough=(Area(G))^(1/2). This also can be scaled by factor S where Sis typically close to 1 such that: CloseEnough=S*(Area(G))^(1/2). Themethods provided for evaluating distance or determining threshold arenot to be considered as limiting in scope. Other methods for determininga distance measure for content objects should be considered for using ameasure of distance between content objects in the context of evaluatingdocument quality.

The depth in the tree of neighbor node N relative to content group G canbe obtained by adding a depth d parameter wherein d+1 is passed in therecursive call to TraverseUp and wherein depth d−1 is passed in therecursive call to TraverseDown. The initial value of depth for d wouldbe zero, i.e., TraverseUp(G, G, 0). Depth can be stored along with otherinformation on the previously described list of neighbor nodes of groupG. Once the document's content has been parsed and neighboring contenthas been identified for all content objects of interest, variousproperties respecting content separation can then be determined whichwill be subsequently used to quantify document quality.

As illustrated in FIGS. 36 to 41, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's separability. A document's degree of overall separability canbe ascertained by determining the degree of total separability for thedocument's content objects of interest contained therein. Individualmeasures for content object separation includes: spatial separation(FIG. 37), alignment separation (FIG. 38), style separation (FIG. 39),background separation (FIG. 40), and inherent separation (FIG. 41),among others. A combination of separation measures, as illustrated inFIG. 36, for content is then useful in evaluating the document content'sdegree of effective separation of content. Effective separation isuseful in evaluating the document content's degree of total separationof content, which, in turn, is useful in evaluating the document'sdegree or measure of overall separation. Overall separation issubsequently used in assessing document quality.

More specifically, the effective separability, as illustrated in FIG.36, is considered a combination of the spatial separation, alignmentseparation, style separation, background separation, and/or inherentseparation. In FIG. 36, the quantized alignment value is derived by acombining of the spatial separation, alignment separation, styleseparation, background separation, and/or inherent separation using aneffective separability quantizer or combiner circuit 21.

As illustrated in FIG. 37, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's spatial separation. The spatial separation (SpatialSep) for agroup or element can be the minimum of the separation distance betweenthe group or element and each identified neighbors. Using the dimensionsof the bounding boxes, (i.e., center position, width, and height) of thecontent under evaluation, spatial separation can be distances betweenhorizontal and vertical components with a floor of zero. This can befurther normalized to yield a value between 0 and 1 by scaling with amaximum separation factor, (e.g., scaling by width (W_(p)) and height(H_(p)) of the page) such that:(max(abs(x_(G)−x_(N))−(w_(G)+w_(N))/2,0)/W_(p)+max(abs(y_(G)−y_(N))−(h_(G)+h_(N))/2,0)/H_(p))/2.The particular method provided for evaluating spatial distances betweencontent objects are exemplary and are not to be considered as limitingin scope. Other methods should be considered, for example, a function ofmeasured human responses to differing spatial separations; such as usinga measure of spatial separation of content objects in a determination oftotal separability in the context of evaluating document quality.

As illustrated in FIG. 38, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's alignment separation. Alignment separation, as used herein,means that one or more positions of object G on a particular pagematches a corresponding position of neighboring content N. Alignmentseparation is how well content avoids having corresponding positionalmatches within a page. Using the left, right, top, bottom (x_(GL),x_(GR), y_(GT), y_(GB)) page position of group G (110) and the (x_(NL),x_(NR), y_(NT), y_(NB)) page position of neighbor N (1101), alignmentseparation is the minimum of the absolute differences of theircorresponding positions, given by: min(abs(x_(GL)−x_(NL)),abs(x_(GR)−x_(NR)), abs(y_(GT)−y_(NT)), abs(y_(GB)−y_(NB))). Alignmentseparation can be further normalized to a value between 0 and 1 bydividing by a maximum possible difference in positions (page width W_(p)and page height H_(p)) of the document page upon which the contentresides as expressed by: min(abs(x_(GL)−x_(NL))/W_(p),abs(x_(GR)−x_(NR))/W_(p), abs(y_(GT)−y_(NT))/H_(p),abs(y_(GB)−y_(NB))/H_(p)).

As illustrated in FIG. 39, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's style separation. Style separation (StyleSep) is used hereinto provide a means by which objects can be further distinguished. Toobtain the degree of style separation, content types need to be comparedagainst every other style type and a value assigned for the amount ofstyle separation therebetween. The assignment of such a value would bemade as a judgment call by the document developer. For example, onedocument developer may consider it easier to distinguish TEXT from anIMAGE than it is to distinguish a LIST from a TABLE. Thus, thatdeveloper would assign a much smaller style separation value for typesLIST vs. TABLE because it is much more difficult to distinguish betweenthese two types of content.

When the two objects are both the same type, then one can compare thestyle values of one object to the corresponding style value of theother. For each style value pair one can calculate a style difference.For numeric parameters such as font size, line spacing, the styledifference can be calculated as just the absolute difference of the sizevalues. For multidimensional values such as color, the style differencecan be the distance between the values. For enumerated values such asquadding, font family or font style one can use a two-dimensionallook-up table indexed by the enumerated values for the two objects toretrieve difference. An overall style separation difference becomes theweighted sum of the various style differences available for the objecttype. For example: StyleSep=Σw_(i)d_(i)(G, N); where the sum is overavailable style parameters i, and w_(i) is the weight of the i^(th)style parameter, and d_(i) is the difference measure for the i^(th)style parameter.

As illustrated in FIG. 40, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's background separation. Objects on different color backgroundscan be considered separate and distinct. Thus, background separation canbe thought of as the difference in backgrounds 1102 of two objects (110and 1101). If, for instance, background color 1102 is a style parameterof the object G (1101) or one of its ancestors, the content tree issearched upward until the first object with a specified background isfound. Once the backgrounds for two objects have been determined, adifference measure can be derived. Differences in color can bedetermined using the distance in a color space that strives for visualuniformity such as L*a*b* coordinates. Other color spaces can be used aswell. The measure of background separation should not be just distancebetween colors in color space because once the colors are sufficientlydifferent to easily tell apart, further differences between them doesnothing to increase separability. What is preferred is a function ofdistance that is 1 for all values of color difference except those closeto zero. One way to obtain this is by scaling color difference Dc by alarge factor and then clamping the results to 1, for example:BackgroundSep=min(s*Dc,1).

As illustrated in FIG. 41, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's inherent separation. Often features are constructed intocontent objects. Such features are considered inherent to the objectitself. An example is an object's border 1103 or an indented first lineor other feature that inherently indicates a separation from otherobjects. Spacing before the paragraph or after the paragraph that isdifferent from the internal line spacing, can also signal a separation.Further, some separators only serve to distinguish on a single boundary,i.e., indicating separation at the top but not at the sides. As such, tocalculate inherent separation, each of the four sides of the objectunder scrutiny needs to be considered separately. For instance, supposew_(i) is a weight that describes the relative importance of the i^(th)feature to the top boundary fTop_(i)(G). These weights should sum to 1.And, suppose a parameter P determines how strongly a successfulseparation feature overwhelms other features, and there is a constant cthat should be close to 1 but may be slightly larger to avoid divisionby 0. Then, inherent separation can be defined by:InherentSepTop=c−[Σw_(i)*(c−fTop_(i)(G))^(−p)]^(−1/p). Similarexpressions define the inherent separation for InherentSepBottom,InherentSepLeft, and InherentSepRight.

One of these InherentSep values may be more appropriate for neighbor Ndepending upon whether N is mostly above, below, left, or right ofobject G. Note that neighbor N will also have an inherent separation.Thus, the complementary inherent separations from both object G andneighbor N can be combined as well. For example, if neighbor N issubstantially above object G, then use the sum of InherentSepTop of Gand InherentSepBottom of N.

As illustrated in FIG. 36, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's effective separation. Contributions to the measure ofseparability can be combined to form the content object's degree ofEffective Separation (EffectiveSep) from a particular neighbor is givenby:EffectiveSep=c−[w_(x)*(c−SpatialSep)^(−p)+w_(a)*(c−AlignmentSep)^(−p)+w_(s)*(c−StyleSep)^(−p)+w_(b)*(c−BackgroundSep)^(−p)+w_(n)*(c−InherentSep)^(−p)]^(−1/p)where terms w_(x), w_(a), w_(s), w_(b) and w_(n) are weights that sumto 1. While other methods of combining the individual separationmeasures are possible, this has the property that if any of theseparation values between object G and neighbor N is close to 1, theEffective Separation will also be close to 1. The particular method forevaluating effective separation herein is exemplary and not to beconsidered as limiting in scope. Other methods for determining effectiveseparation should be considered, for example, a function of measuredhuman responses to differing separation devices; such as using a measureof effective separation of content in a determination of contentseparability in the content of evaluating document ease of use anddocument quality. To obtain an overall measure of total separation, anobject's total separation from all neighbors, a determination of theminimum of the effective separations between object G, and all itsneighbors has to be made.

In this embodiment, this means combining separation values for eachneighbor. Total separation can be given by:TotalSep=min_(i)(EffectiveSep_(i)); where EffectiveSep_(i) is theEffectiveSep value for the i^(th) neighbor, and the minimum is takenover all neighbors. An overall separability measure for a document isdetermined by combining total separations for all document contentobjects and groups. This can be by a straight average. Although, anyobject or group with a low separability value may adversely impact thevalue for the entire document, and therefore, should be given a higherweight by combining as the root of powers. Separability may vary withlevel in the content tree hierarchy in which an object exists. Analgorithm for computing separability by recursively traversing thecontent tree is provided herein which calculates a weighted averageusing weights w_(L) which vary with content's tree level L.

As illustrated in FIGS. 43 to 46, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's distinguishability. Given two identical paragraphs, locatedat the top of two separate pages of a multi-page document, and thatthese paragraphs are the only content on their respective pages, thedegree of separability of these object paragraphs can be based on adetermination as to where one object ends and another object begins. Inthis instance, the separability value would be high since these objectshave no neighboring objects on the same page. In other words, the closerobjects are to one another, the easier it is to note their differences.

On the other hand, a measure of distinguishability of these two would below because absent neighboring objects, providing a frame of reference,few clues are provided as to which of the two paragraphs are actuallybeing looked at. A heading can distinguish the content that follows, asillustrated in FIG. 44. The heading can be a separate paragraph at thestart of a group of content objects (usually with a different style todistinguish it as a heading). Numbering of list elements and, to alesser degree, bullet elements also help distinguish content. There canbe a hierarchy of headings, e.g., chapter, section, list element, etc.Each heading contributes to making an underlying object distinguishablefrom neighboring objects. In general, the lower the heading is in thecontent tree, the smaller the set of content it applies to. Thus, themore specific the identification is. The lower level headings in thecontent tree, and physically closer headings, count more than higherlevel ones.

Object G and neighbor N should be distinguishable based on content typeand value, as illustrated in FIG. 45. For different types of content(1106, 1107, and 1108), their value differences can be retrieved from atwo-dimensional table indexed by content type. The table preferablycontains values that express just how different those content types are.If type(G) does not match type(N),ContentDistinguish=TypeDistinguishTable[type(G)][type(N)]. If the typesdo match, content properties can be compared. For groups, lists andtables, the total number of words or characters for all of theircontained elements can be compared.

For example, for paragraphs, the number of words or characters thereofcan be counted. For lists, the number of list elements can be compared.For tables, the number of rows and columns can be compared. For graphicobjects, size and shape can be compared. Since some object types mayhave several properties by which differences are measured, an overalldifference is preferably calculated as a weighted sum of the variouscontent differences for an object type. For example,ContentDistinguish=Σw_(i)cd_(i)(G,N), where the sum is over availablestyle parameters i, w_(i) is the weight for the i^(th) contentdifference measure, and cd_(i) is the actual i^(th) difference measure.Furthermore, objects can be distinguished by their position on theirrespective pages, as illustrated in FIG. 46. Given object G and neighborN, the center position for these objects 110 on page 100 (x_(G), y_(G))and (x_(N), y_(N)), the distance between them can be calculatedpreferably normalized by the dimensions of the page W_(p) by H_(p).

For example: PositionDistinguish=(((x_(G)−x_(N))²+(y_(G)−y_(N))²)/(W_(P)²+H_(P) ²))^(1/2). This can be further limited by only consideringnearby neighbors on the same page. The same list of neighbors generatedfor separability can then be utilized. The cost in limiting comparisonsto objects on a page, however, is the failure to recognize cases whereobjects on different pages are indistinguishable. If any ofAlignmentSep, StyleSep, BackgroundSep and ContentDistinguish measures,(described above), provides a strong difference, then the overalleffective distinguishability should be high. The closer the neighbor isto the object, the easier it should be to observe their differences. Theend result should receive a boost from the SpatialSep. The value ofPositionDistinguish can be a further differentiator. If boost b isdefined by: b=d/(d+SpatialSep); where the d parameter controls thestrength of the boost effect of spatial nearness, then:EffectiveDistinguish=c−[w_(a)*(c−b*AlignmentSep)^(−p)+w_(s)*(c−b*StyleSep)^(−p)+w_(b)*(c−b*BackgroundSep)^(−p)+w_(c)*(c−ContentDistinguish)^(−p)+w_(p)*(c−PositionDistinguish)^(−p)]^(−1/p));where w_(a), w_(s), w_(b), w_(c) and w_(p) are weighting values thatgive the relative importance of the alignment, style, background,content and position differences respectively and should sum to 1. Theconstant c is slightly larger than 1 to prevent division by zero. Notethat this is the effective distinguishability between an object and oneof its neighbors. To quantify the total distinguishability of a contentobject, it must be distinguished from all neighbors. In addition, anyinherent features such as headers must also be considered. Totaldistinguishability can be determined by taking the minimum of allEffectiveDistinguish values for all neighbors. A combination ofdistinguishability measures, as illustrated in FIG. 43, is useful inevaluating the document's total distinguishability. More specifically,the total distinguishability, as illustrated in FIG. 43, is considered acombination of the effective distinguishability and the headingdistinguishability. In FIG. 43, the quantized distinguishability valueis derived by a combining of the effective distinguishability and theheading distinguishability using a total distinguishability quantizer orcombiner circuit 23.

As illustrated in FIGS. 47 to 51, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's locatability. The term locatability is used to mean theability to find or locate a particular content item from among all theother content items. A measure of locatability is constructed byexamination of the document factors that aid or inhibit the locating ofcontent objects.

As illustrated in FIG. 50, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's visibility. One factor in determining an object'slocatability is to determine the visibility of the object, i.e., howwell it can be seen against its background. As used herein, visibilitymeans how easy it is to see the object, or how difficult it is tooverlook it. Herein two characteristics are used in measuring the valueof the object's visibility. One is the size of the object 1110 (thelarger the object the easier it should be to detect and identify it) andthe other 1111 is its difference from the background. As a measure ofthe difference from the background (1111), the luminance contrast isused, although other and more complex measures are envisioned. If thebackground is textured, the luminance contrast and color difference maynot be well defined. Texture may also act to hide an object.

If colors are specified in red, green and blue (R,G,B) coordinatesnormalized to range between 0 and 1 then luminance can be given by: Y=yrR+yg G+yb B; where yr, yg and yb are the luminance values for the red,green and blue primary colors respectively. The yr, yg and yb valuesdepend upon the details of the color space actually used but typicalvalues are 0.25, 0.68 and 0.07 respectively. Contrast is calculated fromthe luminance of the foreground Y_(f) and that of the background Y_(b)such that: Contrast=2|Y_(b)−Y_(f)|/(Y_(b)+Y_(f)). It should be pointedout that since both contrast and size affect visibility, these valuesare combined by multiplying them together. While contrast ranges between0 and 1, size can be unbounded. For a size to be bounded by 0 and 1, theobject size is normalized by dividing it by the maximum size it can be.For example: visibility=contrast*(object area)/(maximum area). Ingeneral, this is the area of the document. But, if objects arerestricted to a page, the page size can be used.

As illustrated in FIG. 49, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's structural locatability. Another factor in the ease oflocating a document element is the presence of structural aids (such asheadings and bullets within the document). This measure is termed thestructural locatability and can be implemented by a tree or tablelook-up where the result is a predefined value, which depends on thetype and style of the structure that contains the element. The ease oflocating a member item within a group depends upon the number of itemsthe group contains. If there are only one or two items in the group thenit will be easy to locate an item. But if there are a thousand items,the task of locating one in particular will be more difficult. Thisdepends upon the presentation method. For instance, finding an itempresented in a table of 100 elements is not as difficult as finding theitem in a list of 100 elements.

The structural contribution to locating a group member is combined withthe distinguishability contribution. A weighted sum of the twocontributions is used where the weights determine the relativeimportance of the two factors. However, it can be argued that if eithercontribution allows one to locate the element, then the overall resultshould be high, regardless of the other contribution. The combinedresult should reduce according to the size of the group. This can beachieved by:MemberLocate=(c−[w_(m)*(c−StructLocate)^(−p)+(1−w_(m))*(c−DistinguishLocate)^(−p)]^(−1/p))*GroupSizeFactor;where w_(m) is the weight of the structural contribution relative to thedistinguishability contribution, c is a constant slightly larger than 1and P is an number greater than 1.

A combination of locatability measures, as illustrated in FIG. 48, isuseful in evaluating the document's member locatability. Morespecifically, the member locatability, as illustrated in FIG. 48, isconsidered a combination of the structural locatability, as describedabove, and/or the distinguished locatability, as described above. InFIG. 48, the quantized member locatability value is derived by acombining of the structural locatability and the distinguishedlocatability using a member locatability quantizer or combiner circuit25.

A further combination of locatability measures, as illustrated in FIG.47, is useful in evaluating the document's direct locatability. Morespecifically, the direct locatability, as illustrated in FIG. 47, isconsidered a combination of the member locatability, distinguishability,separability, and/or visibility. In FIG. 47, the quantized directlocatability value is derived by a combining of the member locatability,distinguishability, separability, and/or visibility using a directlocatability quantizer or combiner circuit 24. Another mechanism to aidin locating an element is a reference or link to that element, such as apage number in a table of contents, or as a hyperlink in an electronicdocument. For example, a paragraph might be found through the table ofcontents or by looking in the index for the location of a particularword. The ease of location may not vary linearly with the number ofreferences. If the number of references to the element underconsideration is Nr, then a function that increases non-linearly from 0to 1 with increasing Nr can be written as:ReferenceLocate=1−(Nr+1)^(−1/P); where P determines how stronglyadditional references contribute.

As illustrated in FIG. 51, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's total locatability. The above individual locatabilitycontributions can be combined into a total locatability measure. First,note that if any of the first four contributing measures are low for anitem, then that particular item is likely to be hard to locate as itwill either be hard to see or will be confused with its neighbors, orsiblings. These four contributions can be combined as follows:DirectLocate=([w_(v)*(c+Visibility)^(−p)+w_(s)*(c+TotalSep)^(−p)+w_(d)*(c+TotalDistinguish)^(−p)+w_(dl)*(c+DistinguishLocate)^(−p)]^(−1/p)−c);where w_(v), w_(s), w_(dl) and w_(d), are the weights describing therelative importance of the contributions and sum to 1; c is a smallnumber used to prevent division by zero and P determines how stronglyone bad contribution to locatability spoils the overall result. Next,the measures for locating the item directly, locating it throughreferences, and locating it through its parent, can all be combined.Thus:TotalLocate=c−[w_(n)*(c−DirectLocate)^(−p)+w_(r)*(c−ReferenceLocate)^(−p)+w_(p)*(c−TotalLocate(parent))^(−p)]^(−1/p);where the weights w_(n), w_(r) and w_(p) sum to 1, c is a numberslightly larger than 1 and P is a number greater than or equal to 1.

An overall locatability for a document is determined by combining thetotal locatability for all document content objects and groups. Thesimplest way to combine these values is a straight average. Just as forseparability and distinguishability, one might argue that any object orgroup with a low locatability value strongly impacts the entire documentand should be given higher weight such as by combining the root ofpowers. The documents overall locatability gives an overall feel for howeasy it is to locate items in a document by calculating and combiningmeasures of how easy it is to locate each and every document component.An algorithm for computing document locatability is provided hereinwhich recursively traverses the content tree to calculate a weightedaverage; although the weights w_(L) can vary with tree level L.

A combination of locatability measures, as illustrated in FIG. 51, isuseful in evaluating the document's total locatability. Morespecifically, the total locatability, as illustrated in FIG. 51, isconsidered a combination of the direct locatability, referencelocatability, and/or parents' locatability. In FIG. 51, the quantizedtotal locatability value is derived by a combining of the directlocatability, reference locatability, and/or parents' locatability usinga total locatability quantizer or combiner circuit 26.

A document's degree of searchability can be determined by firstdetermining a value for strength of searchability of the document, andthen determining the document's search density relative to the strengthof searchability. The search density is mapped to a value that rangesbetween 0 and 1 and in one embodiment consists of evaluating therelationship given by: 1−c/(c+Search Density); where c is a constantwhich is the size of the typical search density and P determines howquickly searchability approaches 1 with increasing search density. Thestrength of searchability is determined by features of the documentintended to aid in searching. Features include at least one of thenumber of table elements, the number of list elements, the number oflist bullets, and the number of list element numbers or the number ofother reference terminals, a reference terminal being a positionindicator that can be used by a reference; such as a label, a chapternumber for a textual reference, or an anchor for a hyperlink.

As illustrated in FIGS. 52 to 57, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's group identity. Group identity is the ability to see themembers of a group as a group. One indicator of group identity isreferred to herein as Spatial Coherence meaning that members of a groupare all located close together on the page. Other indicators include thepresence of a common background or surrounding border, a uniform styleamong the elements, alignment of the elements, organization of theelements into a list or a table, and the presence of a heading for thegroup. How to measure and combine these indicators is now discussed.

As illustrated in FIGS. 53 and 54, another parameter or factor used indetermining ease of use is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's spatial coherence. Spatial coherence is calculated when allthe group elements (110 of FIG. 55) lie on the same page (100 of FIG.55). Here, it is assumed that the bounding box (1120 of FIG. 55) for agroup or a group element can be found. The bounding box 1120 gives thewidth and height of a minimal vertically aligned rectangle that enclosesthe item. For this determination, area is the width times the height:A(E)=W(E)*H(E). Spatial coherence of group G then becomes:SpatialCoherence=(ΣA(E_(i)))/A(G); where the sum is over the E_(i)elements of group G. When group elements are spread over two or morepages, one can determine the spatial coherence for each page and thencombine the results. A weighted average can be used where the weight fora page is proportional to the number of elements on that page. Oneshould also include a penalty for separating the group over pages. Forexample, one could divide by the number of pages involved.

FIG. 53 is an example of low spatial coherence. FIG. 54 is an example ofhigh spatial coherence. As illustrated in FIGS. 56 and 57, anotherparameter or factor used in determining ease of use is the measurementand quantization of the document's consistency of style. Anotherindicator that elements belong to a group is that they all have the samestyle. One measure of consistency of style for a group would be todefine the sameness of style as: 1−StyleSep; where StyleSep measures thedifference in style, and then to pair-wise compare all of the groupelements and combine their sameness values. Combining can be done byaveraging.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 52, is useful inevaluating the document's group identity. More specifically, the groupidentity, as illustrated in FIG. 52, is considered a combination of thespatial coherence, consistency of style, structural identity, horizontalalignment, vertical alignment, heading, background, and/or border. InFIG. 52, the quantized group identity value is derived by a combining ofthe spatial coherence, consistency of style, structural identity,horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, heading, background, and/orborder using a group identity quantizer or combiner circuit 27.

A combination of ease of use measures, as illustrated in FIG. 35, isuseful in evaluating the document's ease of use. More specifically, thegroup ease of use, as illustrated in FIG. 35, is considered acombination of separability, distinguishability, locatability,searchability, and/or group identity. In FIG. 35, the quantized groupease of use value is derived by a combining of the separability,distinguishability, locatability, searchability, and/or group identityusing an ease of use quantizer or combiner circuit 20. For somedocuments, such as advertisements and warning labels, it is importantthat the documents catch the viewer's eye and attention. An importantproperty contributing to the quality of these documents is therefore theeye-catching ability of a given layout. Eye-catching ability iscalculated as a combination of simpler properties. If any of the simplereye-catching properties is strongly present, then the overall effect isan eye-catching document. Contributing factors can include colorfulness,color dissonance, font size, information lightness, picture fraction,and/or novelty. Each factor is defined such as to produce a valueranging between 0 and 1 such that 0 means low or bad eye-catching valueand 1 means high or good eye-catching value.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 58, is useful inevaluating the document's eye-catching ability. More specifically, theeye-catching ability, as illustrated in FIG. 58, is considered acombination of colorfulness, color dissonance, font size, informationlightness, picture fraction, and/or novelty. In FIG. 58, the quantizedeye-catching ability value is derived by a combining of thecolorfulness, color dissonance, font size, information lightness,picture fraction, and/or novelty using an eye-catching ability quantizeror combiner circuit 30. Color is eye-catching and a bright orange pagecan capture attention better than a gray one. The primary property ofcolor of interest here is saturation (or chrominance). There are severalpossible ways to calculate an approximate saturation value that can beused in determining the overall colorfulness of a document or a page.Perhaps the simplest calculation for colors expressed in an RGB colorspace is: c=max(R, G, B)−min(R, G, B) where c is the saturation, asillustrated by FIG. 59 (or chrominance) and max and min are the maximumand minimum functions respectively. The color saturation values areweighted by the area of the colored objects. This is then divided by thetotal document area to yield a colorfulness measure:V_(cl)=Σc_(i)A_(i)/Ad where V_(cl) is the colorfulness measure, c_(i) isthe saturation value for the i^(th) object and A_(i) is that object'sarea. Ad is the area of the entire document. The sum is over all objectsvisible in the document.

When multiple colors are present on a page, it is not only the amount ofcolor saturation present that is important, but also how harmoniousthose colors are. For example, pink and green go together much moreharmoniously than pink and orange. Colors that clash will catch the eye.A contributor to the eye-catching property is therefore the colordissonance. In the following discussion, the calculation of colordissonance is described for the objects that can be seen together (i.e.the objects on a page). If the document has multiple pages, then anaverage color dissonance value for all pages can be determined. Thecolor dissonance (or harmony) between two colors is largely determinedby their hue difference (although the colors should have sufficientsaturation and area to be noteworthy).

There are several methods known in the art for calculating anapproximate hue value as an angle for the chrominance components. Forexample, using the E and S values described above one can define the hueas: h=arc tan(S/E). As is well known in the art, special handling of thecase E=0 is needed and checking signs to determine the quadrant shouldbe done in order to avoid the confusion between E/S and (−E)/(−S). Theresult can also be divided by 2π to yield a value between 0 and 1. Inorder to calculate the color dissonance one must first determine whichhues, as illustrated in FIG. 60, are present with sufficient strength tomatter. For each object on the page, calculate its color saturation andarea as described above. Lightly saturated objects should not contributestrongly. One way to carry this out is to compare the saturation to athreshold and ignore objects with insufficient saturation (i.e. c_(i)must be greater than Tc where Tc is the threshold). The identifiedcolored areas can be summed across all the objects in order to determinehow much area in each hue can be seen on the page. The areas can becollected in a table H of n possible hue buckets by means of apseudocode expression such as: H[n*h_(i)]=H[n*h_(i)]+A_(i)′ where h_(i)is the hue of the i^(th) object and A_(i)′ is its weighted area. Todetermine the color dissonance, compare every color hue found with everyother color hue found. That is, compare all of the colors represented bythe H table to one another. The H table tells the amount of area seen ineach color hue and can be used to ignore cases where the total area of acolor is too small to worry about. A simple way of doing this is to justkeep the maximum dissonance value encountered.

Using a table allows any desired function shape to be used; howeverdirect calculation of the dissonance value is also possible. Thedissonance table captures the model of color harmony and dissonance. Asimple model is that the harmony of colors only depends on their huedifference and not the absolute hues themselves. Using this model, thedissonance table need only be indexed with the hue difference. Anexample of such a model is colors with hue angles that are similar (near0 degrees apart) or opposite (180 degrees apart) or a third of the wayround the hue circle (120 degrees apart) are considered harmonious whileother hue angle differences are dissonant. The values stored in thedissonance table would look similar to those depicted graphically inFIG. 96.

Another mechanism for catching the eye is to use large fonts. This makesthe text readable from a distance and gives it a feeling of importance.This mechanism can be used when the document is presented in black andwhite. It is the maximum font size that is important here (not theaverage). It can be found by stepping through all the fonts used (orstepping through all the text and finding the fonts) and keeping trackof the largest. The maximum font size found should be converted to anumber between 0 and 1 for combination with the other measures.

A way to do this is as follows: V_(f)=f/(fn+f) where f is the maximumfont size found and fn is close to the typical font size found indocuments (e.g. 8 or 10 point). One can also consider weighting thelargest font by a function the number of characters. However, whileincreasing the number of characters may make the document moreeye-catching when only a few characters are present, the effect maydiminish for large numbers of characters. The impact of font size can becalculated by considering all of the fonts within a documentsimultaneously, however, an alternative would be to determine the impactof each page separately and then to combine the results of the pages.Combining page results could be done by a simple average, and this maybe appropriate for documents such as presentations. However, for manydocuments it is sufficient for only one page to be eye-catching (e.g.the cover page) and it may be better to employ a non-linear combiningmethod that gives a high score if any of the individual pagecontributions are high. Or alternatively, one might use a weightedaverage where the first page is weighted higher than the other.

Page that is densely packed with information will typically require thatinformation to be small and uniform and unlikely to catch the eye. Thisis not as hard-and-fast an indicator as color or font size because theinformation might, for example, be presented as a mixture of easy toignore small black text and eye-catching large colored text. Never theless, one can use the information lightness (the inverse of informationdensity) as another clue as to the documents eye-catching behavior. Fortext, a rough measure of the information present is just the number ofcharacters Nc used to encode the information. One might also consideralternative measures such as a count of the number of words. For graphicfigures, one can count the number of primitive graphical constructs(lines, rectangles, circles, arcs, strokes, triangles, polygons, etc.)used to build the figures. The count of graphic constructs Ng may bemultiplied by a scaling value to normalize it with respect to the textmeasure.

Estimating the information content of pictorial images Np is moreproblematical. One simple approach is to just include a constantinformation estimation value for each image. Pictures are moreeye-catching than pure text. That is why there are pictures onpaperback-book covers that are intended to attract viewers to purchasethem, but only simple text inside to convey the story. Of course, notall pictures are equally interesting, and for a true measure of apicture eye-catching ability, some analysis of the picture content wouldbe necessary. Still, the mere presence of any pictures in a document isgenerally an indicator of greater eye-catching ability. A simple measureof this is the fraction of the document area devoted to pictorial imagesAp. A normalized measure is: Vp=Ap/Ad.

Another indicator of how eye-catching a document is its novelty, thatis, the presence of the unexpected or unconventional. Of course, to tellif something is unexpected or unconventional, one must first have somemodel of what is expected or conventional. Such models can be quitesophisticated and can include such factors as the type of document andits anticipated use. However, the use of novelty is illustrated with asimple model. That model is a single typical value expected for eachstyle parameter.

Style parameters are the available choices that govern the appearanceand presentation of the document. They can include the presence ofbackgrounds and borders, the thickness of borders and rules, paragraphindentation and separation, list indentation, list bulleting, fontstyle, font weight and so on. Style parameters also include font sizeand color selections, which were considered separately above. It isbelieved that it is proper to include color and font size in theestimation of novelty for completeness, but that they should also besingled out in the calculation of eye-catching ability since theircontribution in this respect is much greater than would be explained byunconventionality alone. In the simple model each style parameter P_(i)has an anticipated value P0_(i). For any style parameter, butparticularly for parameters with binary (or enumerated) choices, one cansimply add in a constant novelty contribution n_(i) if the actual styleP_(i) does not match the expected value P0_(i). More sophisticatedcalculations are possible; for example, when the style parameter canvary continuously from the expected value (as perhaps in the case ofrule width or font size). A function of the style difference can becalculated as the novelty contribution: n_(i)=F(P_(i)−P0_(i))

For enumerated style values one can employ a table look-up to yield moreflexibility and control over the novelty contribution: n_(i)=T[P_(i)].The overall document novelty can be found by taking the average of thenovel contributions for all style settings. Thus if the document had mstyle choices, the average novelty would be: Vn=Σn_(i)/m. The expectedvalues P0_(i) can be set a priori, or preferably can be found byexamining the style settings of typical documents. If they aredetermined by analyzing documents, the analysis can be conducted on anon-going basis and they can be allowed to adapt to the current typicaldocument style.

In more sophisticated models, the expected style value may depend uponthe location of the content item within the document's logicalstructure. Thus, the expected font style for a heading might be weighteddifferently from the expected setting for the body text. But however itis calculated, novelty can provide a clue as to the documents ability tocatch the eye.

A property of a document contributing to its quality that is similar toits eye-catching ability is the ability of the document to holdattention and interest. While a major contributor to the interest of adocument is its subject matter, the presentation of that subject matter(the style and format) can affect the interest level as well. Thismethod calculates an interest measure for the style and formatdecisions, calculated as a combination of simpler factors thatcontribute to interest. If any of the simpler interest factors isstrongly present, then the overall effect is an interesting document.Factors can include variety, change rate, emphasis, graphic fractioncolorfulness, color dissonance, picture fraction, and/or novelty.Calculation methods are defined for each of these factors and each aredesigned to produce a value ranging between 0 and 1, such that 0 meanslow or bad interest value, and 1 means high or good interest value.These (and possibly other such factors) can be calculated and combinedto form an overall interest measure Vi. The separate factors can becombined by a method similar to that described above for theeye-catching ability property.

As illustrated in FIG. 62, another parameter or factor used indetermining interest is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's variety. One way to make a document interesting to look at isto include a variety of styles in its presentation. Style parameters arethe available choices that govern the appearance and presentation of thedocument. They can include the presence of backgrounds and borders, thethickness of borders and rules, paragraph indentation and separation,list indentation, list bulleting, font style, font weight, font size,color selections and so on. Style parameters can be grouped andassociated with the logical structure of the content. For example, styleparameters associated with a text string include the font family, fontsize, font style, font weight, and color. Style parameters associatedwith a paragraph include the indentation, line length, line spacing,before and after spacing and quadding. Style parameters associated withlists include left and right list indentation, bullet or numberingstyle, and bullet positioning. In determining variety of style one iscounting the number of styles present in the document, but this raisesthe question of just what constitutes a different style. Should styleparameters be considered individually or as a group?

For example, if a document contains a 12-point bold weight font and a10-point normal weight font, is that four styles (two sizes plus twoweights) or just two styles (two fonts)? The answer for the preferredembodiment is two and the styles should be considered in combination.But this still leaves the question of what combinations should beconsidered. If the 12-point bold is used in a list without bullets, andthe 10-point normal is used in a list with bullets, is this still onlytwo styles, or should the list styles and font styles be consideredindependently? This answer is less clear. But, if one considers thecorrect grouping to be the entire set of style parameters so thatwhenever any style parameter changes a new overall style is generated,there is the potential of a combinational explosion of style instances.While this approach is not ruled out, the preferred method is to groupthe style parameters according to their associated content type (i.e.text styles, paragraph styles, graphic styles, list styles, tablestyles, content element background styles etc.).

Thus, in the above example, one would have two text styles and two liststyles for four style choices in the document. This approach also avoidsthe problems arising from the growth of style parameters from thehierarchical structure of a document. If the document contains lists oflists of lists, the preferred approach gives three instances of thesimple list style group instead of some new large group containing allthe style choices of the structure.

To estimate the style variety, first decide what style parameters andparameter groups to include in the analysis. For example, one mightdecide to consider just the text, paragraph, and graphic styles. Fortext, consider font family, size, weight, style and color. For graphics,consider fill color, edge color and edge thickness. For paragraphs,consider line length, line spacing, quadding, and first-lineindentation. Three lists are constructed, one for each type of stylegroup. The list elements contain the values of the style parameters forthat group. One then steps through the document's logical structure,examining each logical element being analyzed for the style setting (inthis example each text segment, graphic element and paragraph.) Oneconsiders the style parameter settings of each logical content elementand checks the corresponding list to see if an entry has been made witha matching set of values. If a matching list entry is found, nothingmore need be done for this content element. If, however, the list doesnot contain a match, a new list element containing the new set of stylevalues should be constructed and added to the list.

At the end of the document analysis, the lists should contain all of thestyle parameter combinations that were discovered. One can then simplycount the number of list elements to determine the number of stylesused. The sizes of all the lists should be combined into an overallstyle count. One can weight the list sizes when adding them together ifone wishes to make the variety of one form of content count more thanthat of another (for example, one might make variety in paragraph stylecount more than variety in graphics). The result would be an overallweighted count of style changes s: s=Σw_(x)s_(x) where s_(x) is the sizeof the x^(th) style list and w_(x) is the weight. In order to combinethe style variety measure with the other contributions to interest, thisweighted count should be converted to a number ranging between 0 and 1.This can be done as follows: V_(v)=s/(a_(s)+s) where V_(v) is thevariety measure and a_(s) is a constant value about the size of theexpected number of styles in a typical document. FIG. 62 is an exampleof high variety.

As illustrated in FIG. 63, another parameter or factor used indetermining interest is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's change rate. It is not only the variety of styles in adocument that holds interest, but also the rate at which the stylechanges. There may only be two style combinations represented, but ifthe document is frequently switching back and forth between them, it ismore interesting than if it changes only once.

Calculating the style change rate is similar to calculating the stylevariety as described above, and uses the same style parameters andgroupings. However, one need only to maintain for a single descriptionof the most recently encountered style parameter set for each group(instead of a list of all previously encountered sets). For example,there would be a single set of most recently encountered text styleparameters, a single set of the graphic style parameters and a set ofthe most recently encountered paragraph parameters. Step through thedocument's logical description and examine the style settings. Whenevera content element has style parameters that differ from those seen mostrecently, a count of the changes for that style group is incremented,and the new set of style values for use with the next content element isremembered. In a manner similar to the variety calculation, the changecounts can be weighted and combined to form a total weighted changecount c. c=Σw_(x) c_(x) where c_(x) is the size of the x^(th) stylegroup change count and w_(x) is the weight.

In order to combine the style change rate measure with the othercontributions to interest, this weighted count should be converted to anumber ranging between 0 and 1. This can be done as follows:V_(ch)=c/(a_(ch)+c) where V_(ch) is the variety measure and a_(ch) is aconstant value about the size of the expected number of style changes ina typical document. FIG. 63 is an example of high change rate.

Some font styles are chosen to emphasize the text. Large text, boldtext, and underscored text all have an implied importance over thenormal text presentation. This implied importance tells the reader towakeup and pay attention. As such, it has a special contribution to themaintenance of viewer interest. One can calculate an average emphasismeasure for the text in a document by summing an emphasis value for eachcharacter and then dividing by the total number of characters. V_(e)=Σe(t)/nc where V_(e) is the emphasis measure, e is the emphasis functionfor character t, the sum is over all characters and nc is the totalnumber of characters. The function e(t) should include factors for thesize of the text, its weight, its variant and its contrast (otherfactors such as font style might also be included). The larger the fontsize, the greater the emphasis, but one would like to have a factor thatranges between 0 and 1. An expression such as size(t)/(a_(fs)+size(t)),where a_(fs) is a constant about the size of a typical font, will dothis. The font weight (e.g. light, normal, bold, heavy) is typically anenumerated value and a table of suitable emphasis factors for eachweight ew[weight(t)] can be used in the emphasis function. Similarly,the font variant (e.g. normal, underlined, strikethrough, outlined) canbe handled as a table look-up such as ev[variant(t)].

Contrast also plays a role in the strength of text emphasis. Text withlow contrast to the background will not have the same degree of impactas high contrast text. The luminance contrast can be calculated asdescribed above as 2|Yb−Yf|/(Yb+Yf) where Yb is the luminance of thebackground and Yf=Lum(t) is the luminance of the text. An example of anemphasis function is then: e(t)=(size(t)/(a_(fs)+size(t)))ew[weight(t)]ev[variant(t)] (2|Yb−Lum(t)|/(Yb+Lum(t))). Note that onemight also include other characteristics such as the font style (e.g.italic).

As illustrated in FIG. 64, another parameter or factor used indetermining interest is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's graphical fraction. Graphical constructs are often used toexplain or illustrate concepts and ideas. They also add variety to thecontent. As such, graphics can make a document more interesting, and so,a measure of the graphical content should contribute to the estimationof how interesting the document is. One simple measure of the graphicalcontribution is just a count of the graphical content objectsencountered in the document. In order to combine the graphic fractionmeasure with the other contributions to interest, this weighted countshould be converted to a number ranging between 0 and 1. This can bedone as follows: V_(g)=g/(a_(g)+g) where V_(g) is the variety measureand a_(g) is a constant value about the size of the expected number ofgraphic drawing primitives in a typical document.

Several of the factors that attract attention and catch the viewer'seye, will also serve to hold the attention and interest. One can listthe properties of colorfulness, color dissonance, picture fraction, andnovelty as examples of this joint use. The difference in behaviorbetween attention and interest is one of relative importance or weight.Colorfulness, for example, can be very important in catching the eye,but less important in maintaining interest. Novelty, on the other hand,can be more important to maintaining interest than it is to capturingattention. Methods for estimating the strength of these four measureswere described above.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 61, is useful inevaluating the document's interest. More specifically, the interest, asillustrated in FIG. 61, is considered a combination of variety, changerate, emphasis, graphic fraction, colorfulness, color dissonance,picture fraction, and/or novelty. In FIG. 61, the quantized interestvalue is derived by a combining of the variety, change rate, emphasis,graphic fraction, colorfulness, color dissonance, picture fraction,and/or novelty using an interest quantizer or combiner circuit 40.Another factor contributing to the quality of a document design is howwell that design aids in communicating the information contained withinthe document to the user.

As with aesthetics and ease-of-use, the approach to quantifyingcommunicability is to evaluate factors identified as contributing to theeffectiveness of the communication. These factors are then combined toform a composite measure. The factors contribute to the quality of thedocument design. If any of the simpler communicability factors isabsent, then the overall ability of the document to communicate isreduced.

Component factors can include legibility, information lightness,technical level, text and image balance, red-green friendliness, ease ofprogression, and/or ease of navigation. Each factor can be defined suchas to produce a value ranging between 0 and 1, where 0 means low or badcommunicability value and 1 means high or good communicability value.These, (and possibly other such factors), can be calculated and combinedto form an overall communicability measure in a manner similar to thatdescribed above for aesthetics.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 65, is useful inevaluating the document's communicability. More specifically, thecommunicability, as illustrated in FIG. 65, is considered a combinationof legibility, information lightness, technical level, text and imagebalance, red-green friendliness, ease of progression, and/or ease ofnavigation. In FIG. 65, the quantized communicability value is derivedby a combining of the legibility, information lightness, technicallevel, text and image balance, red-green friendliness, ease ofprogression, and/or ease of navigation using a communicability quantizeror combiner circuit 50.

It is further noted that a combination of measures, as illustrated inFIG. 66, is useful in evaluating the document's legibility. Morespecifically, the legibility, as illustrated in FIG. 66, is considered acombination of decipherability, line retrace, relative line separation,and/or quadding. In FIG. 66, the quantized legibility value is derivedby a combining of the decipherability, line retrace, relative lineseparation, and/or quadding using a legibility quantizer or combinercircuit 51. One of the first and foremost factors in estimating adocument's communication effectiveness is the legibility of its text.Legibility measures the ease of following and recognizing the words ofthe document when reading. Legibility is itself a property that can bebroken down into contributing components. As noted above, chief amongthese components is decipherability, line retrace, relative lineseparation, and/or quadding. Other factors that might also be consideredinclude the word and character spacing and the use of hyphenation.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 67, is useful inevaluating the document's decipherability. More specifically, thedecipherability, as illustrated in FIG. 67, is considered a combinationof display device properties, font, character familiarity, and/orluminance contrast. In FIG. 67, the quantized legibility value isderived by a combining of the display device properties, font, characterfamiliarity, and/or luminance contrast using a decipherability quantizeror combiner circuit 52. Decipherability, the most complex of thelegibility factors, measures the ability to recognize the letter shapes.It can itself be further broken down into simpler pieces. As notedabove, factors that contribute to the decipherability include thedisplay device, the font, the character familiarity, and/or theluminance contrast.

The properties of the display device and the font may often beconsidered together; that is, one determines how decipherable aparticular font is on a particular device. For example, fonts withserifs are, as a rule, easier to decipher than san serif fonts; but on adevice that cannot effectively produce serifs, this may not be true. Thefont family, font size, font weight, font style, and font variant allcan contribute to the decipherability.

An approach to dealing with the effect of font specification and devicechoice is to measure by experiment the decipherability (the ability tocorrectly determine the character presented) for a fully specified fonton a particular device. This measurement can then be handled as a fontproperty. Given the font specification one can then look up the font'sdecipherability contribution in a font table (df=DF[fontspecification]). If the font is to be displayed on the same type ofdevice as was used for the measurement, the font contribution will notrequire further adjustment for the device. However, if a differentdisplay device type is used, then some sort of adjustment is needed. Forexample, fonts are, in general, much more decipherable when printed onpaper than when presented on a CRT display. An example of an adjustmentto the font decipherability is to multiply it by an adjustment factor adfor the display device.

One way to determine the adjustment factor is as a function of thesmallest font size that the device is capable of effectively presenting.The function could, for example, be the ratio of the smallest effectivetext size for the device used in measuring the font decipherability tothe smallest effective text size for the display to actually be used.For example, if the font properties were measured on a CRT that couldeffectively display only 8-point or larger fonts, but was to be printedon paper that could support 4-point fonts or larger, then the deviceadjustment factor should be 2. One may wish to adjust this factoraccording to the font size actually used because the effect of thedisplay may be less important for large text.

The ease in correctly deciphering a character depends upon thefamiliarity with it. Reading all caps is harder than reading normaltext. Numbers and punctuation characters each have their own degree ofdifficulty. Thus, another adjustment factor ac for the familiarity of acharacter should be multiplied in. This adjustment factor can be foundfrom a table indexed by the character code. The contrast of thecharacter with the background also contributes to the decipherability.It is harder to decipher light yellow characters on a white backgroundthan to decipher black ones. A third adjustment factor is the luminancecontrast that can be calculated as was described above for locatability:al=2|Yb−Yt|/(Yb+Yt) where Yb is the luminance of the background and Ytis the luminance of the text.

As illustrated in FIG. 68, another parameter or factor used indetermining legibility is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's line retrace. The second factor contributing to textlegibility is the length of the text lines. There is some cost in movingthe eye from the end of one line to the start of the next, but the costincreases with the length of the line. This cost is included bymultiplying the decipherability by a line retrace factor r. An exampleof a function that can be used for this factor is: r=B/(n²+B) where B isa constant (with value on the order of 3600) and n is the average numberof characters per line. In FIG. 68, the retracing of the group of lines1101 makes it more difficult for the reader to find the next line due tothe long length of the text line. On the other hand, in FIG. 68, theretracing of the group of lines 1102 makes it easier for the reader tofind the next line due to the short length of the text line.

As illustrated in FIG. 69, another parameter or factor used indetermining legibility is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's relative line separation. The third contribution tolegibility is the relative line separation. Increasing the separationbetween line acts to improve legibility. It makes it easier for the eyeto track correctly from the end of a line to the start of the next line.The effect of lines separation is included by means of a line separationfactor s. An example of a function that can be used is as follows:s=y/(y+g) where g is a constant (e.g. 0.1) that controls how legibilityimproves with line separation, and y is a biased relative separationdefined by: y=(hL−hf)/hf+bs where hL is the height of the line (baselineto baseline) hf is the height of the font and bs is a small biasing term(e.g. 0.1) to indicate just how far lines must overlap before theybecome unreadable. In FIG. 69, the relative line separation of the groupof lines 1101 makes it more difficult for the reader to find the nextline due to the closely packed text lines. On the other hand, in FIG.69, the relative line separation of the group of lines 1102 makes iteasier for the reader to find the next line due to the widely spacedtext lines.

As illustrated in FIGS. 70 to 73, another parameter or factor used indetermining legibility is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's quadding. Legibility is also affected by the quadding (i.e.the alignment and justification of the text). Left-aligned unjustifiedtext is easiest to read, and justified text is almost as easy.Center-aligned text is more difficult and right aligned is the hardestof all. A factor for the effect of the quadding can be stored in thetable and looked up for the legibility calculation of text t.q=Q[quadding(t)] To arrive at a legibility measurement for an entiredocument, one must measure the legibility of each paragraph and thencombine them. Combining can be done by a simple average, but it may bepreferred to use a non-linear method such that a low legibility score onany paragraph can result in a lower overall score that would be obtainedby a simple average. Methods such as the root of the average of powersthat have been described can be used to achieve this effect.

FIG. 70 illustrates an example of a left aligned document. FIG. 71illustrates an example of a right aligned document. FIG. 72 illustratesan example of a center aligned document. FIG. 73 illustrates an exampleof a justified document. It takes time to decipher text and tounderstand the concepts. In general, a short road sign communicates moreeffectively than a long one. The information lightness, (the inverse ofinformation density), of a document is included as another factor in howwell it communicates. This factor is not nearly as important aslegibility and is weighted accordingly. A method for calculatinginformation lightness was described in the discussion of eye-catchingability. The ease with which a document communicates also depends uponthe audience for which it was designed. A child's book will probably beeasier to follow than a technical manual. The technical level is ameasure that estimates this intended degree of sophistication. It can becomposed from simple measures that can include reading ease, numberfraction, and/or picture fraction. The presence of graphic constructsmay also have an effect on the technical level, but it is unclear atthis time whether the effect is to increase or decrease it. It hastherefore not been included in this example measure.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 74, is useful inevaluating the document's technical level. More specifically, thetechnical level, as illustrated in FIG. 74, is considered a combinationof reading ease, number fraction, and/or picture fraction. In FIG. 74,the quantized technical level value is derived by a combining of thereading ease, number fraction, and/or picture fraction using a technicallevel quantizer or combiner circuit 53.

Reading ease is a well-known measure of a document's text. An example ofa reading ease algorithm is: RE=206.835−0.846 Sy−1.015 W where Sy is theaverage number of syllables per 100 words and W is the average number ofwords per sentence. For the calculation of technical level one wants areading difficulty measure, which can be roughly calculated as: Rd=0.85Sy+W. Words are easier to comprehend than numbers; a large table ofnumbers is typically much more difficult to grasp than an equal quantityof words. To capture this, calculate the number fraction Fn, measure theratio of numbers to the total of numbers and words. Pictures are used toaid understanding. The use of pictures reduces the technical levelmeasure. Picture fraction was defined above as: Fp=Ap/Ad where Ap is thearea of the pictures and Ad is the total area of the document. Oneactually needs the inverse behavior of the picture fraction, so that asFp increases, the technical level decreases. Using Fnp=1−Fp is possible,but a few images can make a big difference in the technical level, whileas more images are added, the benefits may fall off. Thus a betterchoice is a nonlinear function such as: Fnp=1/(ap+Fp) where ap is aconstant near 1. The technical level measure can then be computed as:Tl=Rd Fn Fnp. However, Rd (and therefore Tl) is not limited to rangeonly between 0 and 1. This can be remedied by the function:V_(tl)=Tl/(atl+Tl) where atl is a positive constant.

As illustrated in FIGS. 75 to 77, another parameter or factor used indetermining communicability is the measurement and quantization of thedocument's text and image balance. When considering technical level, itwas assumed that the more images, the lower the level (although withdiminishing returns). But for communicability, this rule may not applyin general. If a document is solely composed of images without anytextual explanation it may be difficult to be sure of the author'smessage. A rule of design is that ideally about equal amounts ofdocument area should be devoted to text and to illustration. Thedifference between the areas is a measure of the unbalance, and aninverse can be applied to give a balance measure. For example, if thetotal area devoted to text is At and the total area devoted to picturesis Ap then a measure of the text and image balance is given by:Vtib=1−|At−Ap|/(At+Ap)

FIG. 75 illustrates an example of poor text and image balance. FIG. 76illustrates an example of poor text and image balance. FIG. 77illustrates an example of good text and image balance. Another aspect ofhow well a document communicates is its ability to serve viewers withhandicaps or impairments. An example of this is whether the document canbe used by the fraction of men who are red-green colorblind. One elementof red-green friendliness is checking that an object's color and itsbackground color differ by more than just a red-green contrast.Luminance contrast and blue-yellow contrast are the mechanisms by whichthe colorblind can distinguish the foreground objects from background.Step through the document examining the foreground and background colorsfor each object. If a color is specified by its red, green and bluecomponents (R, G, B), then the luminance and luminance contrast CY canbe calculated as described above.

The blue-yellow contrast can be calculated from the S chrominancecomponent, defined as: S=(R+G)/2−B. The blue-yellow contrast iscalculated similarly to the luminance case as: Cby=2|Sf−Sb|/(2+Sf+Sb)where Sf and Sb are the foreground and background S chrominancecomponents respectively. The red-green friendliness of an object can beestimated by combining the luminance and blue-yellow chrominancecontrast components: Frg=(CY+Cby)/2. A weighted average can also be usedto combine the contrast components.

For the entire document some mechanism is needed for combining thered-green friendliness values for all document objects. One way to dothis is to average the values weighted by the corresponding objectareas. If Frg_(i) is the red-green friendliness of the i^(th) object andA_(i) is its area, then the average would be given by:V_(rg)=(ΣFrg_(i)A_(i))/ΣA_(i) where the sums are over all objects.However, a single small object or set of objects that are difficult todecipher can have a large impact on the overall understanding of thedocument. Thus, some method other that weighting by area may bepreferred for combining friendliness values. Other methods of combiningthe friendliness values are also possible.

One more property that has a bearing on the communicability of adocument is the ease of progression, as illustrated in FIG. 78. Ease ofprogression measures the difficulty in progressing from one documentcomponent to the next component in logical order; for example, in movingfrom the bottom of one column to the top of the next. An estimation ofthe ease of progression is calculated as a composite of severalproperties, each of which aids in the progression process. Theseproperties include distinguishability, group identity, spatialcoherence, list bullets, progression links, headings, alignment, whitespace, consistency of scan, and/or consistency of order.

These contributing factors are combined using a weighted average sincethey are not all equally important.V_(ep)=w_(ds)V_(ds)+w_(gi)V_(gi)+w_(sc)V_(sc)+w_(lb)V_(lb)+w_(plk)V_(plk)+w_(hd)V_(hd)+w_(al)V_(al)+w_(ws)V_(ws)+w_(cs)V_(cs)+w_(co)V_(co) where the w's are the weights and the V's are thecontributing factors. A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG.78, is useful in evaluating the document's ease of progression. Morespecifically, the ease of progression, as illustrated in FIG. 78, isconsidered a combination of distinguishability, group identity, spatialcoherence, list bullets, progression links, headings, alignment, whitespace, consistency of scan, and/or consistency of order. In FIG. 78, thequantized ease of progression value is derived by a combining of thedistinguishability, group identity, spatial coherence, list bullets,progression links, headings, alignment, white space, consistency ofscan, and/or consistency of order using an ease of progression quantizeror combiner circuit 54.

The distinguishability indicating how well one can distinguish anelement from its neighbors, the group identity property indicating howeasy it is to tell which objects belong as part of a logical group andwhich do not, the spatial coherence property that measures how closelypacked together the members of a group are, and headings that describethe logical structure, were defined above in the discussion of the groupcontribution to ease of use. These factors also contribute to how wellthe document communicates, but with weights to reflect differentrelative importance. Spatial Coherence is singled out here because ithas particular relevance to ease of progression and one may wish to giveits contribution a different weight form that entering via groupidentity. The discussion of headings measured above combined headings,list bullets and list numbers all as one measure, but one can leave outthe checks for list bullets and numbers and adapt the method to look atheadings alone. This could allow headings and list bullets to becalculated separately and weighted independently. Bullets and numbers inlists help to identify the list elements and to progress through them.Documents that use bulleted and/or numbered lists should be easier toprogress through that those that do not. A method to calculate a measurefor this property is to count the total number of list bullets Nlb ornumbers Nln and divide by the total number of list elements Nle.V_(lb)=(Nlb+Nln)/Nle

Since there is less chance of confusing two list numbers than confusingtwo list bullets, one may wish to weight the benefits of list numbershigher than bullets. Weighting the counts of bullets and numbersdifferently when they are combined into the numerator of the ratio tototal list elements can easily do this. V_(lb)=(alb Nlb+aln Nln)/Nlewhere alb and aln are the constant weights applied to the count ofbullets and count of list numbers. Internal references (such as“continued on page 7”) serve to guide the reader when the intendedprogression differs from basic convention. Electronic documents caninclude hyperlink forms that conduct the same function of guiding thereader. A simple measure of how helpful the document is in guiding thereader is just a count of such hyperlinks and/or references NL. Thiscount should be divided by some measure of the size of the document(such as the number of content objects NO) in order to get a linkdensity. V_(plk)=NL/NO

A better measure may be obtained by dividing the count of the referencesby a count of all the points at which the progression does not followthe typical scan order NSO. The conventional western scan order is thatthe next logical content element should be aligned with and to the rightor below the current object. One can examine the positions of thecontent elements in their logical order and count the instances whenthis rule is not followed. These are the cases where a reference toredirect the reader would be most helpful and one can calculate theratio of references to breaks in scan order. This will typically be anumber between 0 and 1, but is not guaranteed to be confined to values 1or less. To restrict the range, function such as those used above forconfining the range can be used, but in this case a simple clamping thevalue to 1 should be sufficient. V_(plk)=MINIMUM(1, NL/NSO). It iseasier to follow the conventional rules of progression (e.g. the nextlogical element is located directly below the current element) if theelements are aligned. This makes it clear just which element is belowand which is to the right of the current element. A measure of thedocument alignment V_(al) was described above in the discussion ofdocument aesthetics.

Documents with lots of white space typically are less crowded. It iseasier to distinguish and follow the elements. Thus, a high white spaceamount can provide a small contribution to the overall ease ofprogression. The non-white space area can be estimated by totaling theareas of the content objects (A_(i) for content object i). The totalobject area can be scaled by the total document area Ad.V_(ws)=(Ad−ΣA_(i))/Ad. One of the conventions for progression throughwestern documents is the scan positioning of left to right, top tobottom. This is the convention followed by text, but it can also beapplied to other objects (such as the panes in a comic book). For thisconvention, one expects the items to have about the same height and tobe aligned in rows. The left edge of the rows should be verticallyaligned. One can construct a measure that indicates the deviation fromthis rule. The inverse of this deviation measure then gives theadherence to the rule.

Step through the document elements in their logical order. For eachelement find a bounding box that contains the object and indicates theposition of its top yt, bottom yb, left side xl and right side xr. Asone steps through the objects, the vertical position of the new object(ytn, ybn) is compared with that of the old object (yto, ybo). Objectsshould be placed to the right and below, but not above, so a deviationamount should be added to a deviation accumulation dcs for the degree towhich the new object is above the old. If the new object is verticallyin the same row as the old object, then one expects it to be located tothe right of the old object. The degree to which it is left of the oldobject is the amount by which it deviates from the scan order model.These calculations are carried out for each consecutive pair of contentelements as one steps through the document in logical order. The resultis then normalized by dividing by the number of pair comparisons (thenumber of elements minus 1) and clamped to 1. The inverse is thenreturned.

FIG. 79 illustrates an example of the placement for consistency of scan.FIG. 80 illustrates an example of the placement for consistency oforder. A property similar to ease of progression is ease of navigation.While progression measures the ease or difficulty of moving through thedocument in the order intended by the creator, ease of navigationmeasures the ability to locate an arbitrary element of the document. Inestimating the ease of navigation one looks mainly for those featuresthat can aid in finding an element or section. In the example methodprovided here includes headings, list bullets and numbers, running headsand page numbers, internal links, and/or group identity. Theseproperties each contribute to the ease of navigation and an overallmeasure can be created from a weighted average.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 81, is useful inevaluating the document's ease of navigation. More specifically, theease of navigation, as illustrated in FIG. 81, is considered acombination of headings, list bullets and numbers, running heads andpage numbers, internal links, and/or group identity. In FIG. 81, thequantized ease of navigation value is derived by a combining of theheadings, list bullets and numbers, running heads and page numbers,internal links, and/or group identity using an ease of navigationquantizer or combiner circuit 55. Page numbers can help greatly innavigating a document. For running heads, a measure of their value isthe number of different heads divided by the number of pages. One canfind this by examining the document for the heads and making a list ofthe distinct ones. Then one can count the number of heads in the list.For page numbers, one just asks whether or not they are present and ifthey are, one can add a contribution to the measure. V_(rh)=whNh/Np+(1−wh) Bpn where wh is the weight given to running heads, Nh isthe number of distinct heads, Np is the number of pages in the document,and Bpn is 1 if there are page numbers and 0 otherwise.

Ease of navigation is strongly related to the locatability property forgroup elements that was described above in the discussion on the ease ofuse of groups. The measures of headings, list bullets and numbers andinternal links can be captured as described. In the discussion on easeof progression one measured the fraction of progressive links. For easeof navigation one wants to count the total number of internal links orreferences (not just the progressive ones). This will include theentries in a table of contents and in an index as well as references orlinks within the main body of the document. As suggested above, one cannormalize the count by dividing by the number of content objects:V_(ink)=MINIMUM(1, NLT/NO) where NLT is the total number of internallinks and NO is the number of content objects.

In trying to find one's way around in a document it is helpful to knowwhen one group of content ends and another begins. Thus, there should bea contribution to the ease of navigation from the group identitymeasure. This is another measure that is also used in the ease ofprogression estimation. A measure of group identity was described in theabove discussion of ease of use of groups. Group identity is calculatedfrom other measures such as spatial coherence, the presence of bordersor backgrounds, style uniformity, and alignment of elements. Anotherproperty that contributes to the quality of a document is the comfortlevel at which the document is perceived. A method for quantifying thedocument comfort level will be described next.

Comfort is calculated as a combination of simpler properties or rules.Violating any of the component rules can result in discomfort and ruinthe overall comfort of the document layout. Component rules can includelimitation of font forms, limitation of colors, grouping number,neatness, decipherability, non-intimidating, conventionality, colorharmony, color appropriateness, consistency of luminance, and/orconsistency of size. Each rule is defined to produce a value rangingbetween 0 and 1 such that 0 means low or bad comfort value and 1 meanshigh or good comfort value. These (and possibly other such rules) can becalculated and combined to form an overall comfort measure. Note thatthe set of rules chosen is illustrative of how a comfort measure can beconstructed. Other factors contributing to comfort exist and couldcertainly be included in a more sophisticated quantification of comfort.A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 82, is useful inevaluating the document's comfort. More specifically, the comfort, asillustrated in FIG. 82, is considered a combination of limitation offont forms, limitation of colors, grouping number, neatness,decipherability, non-intimidating, conventionality, color harmony, colorappropriateness, consistency of luminance, and/or consistency of size.In FIG. 82, the quantized comfort value is derived by a combining of thelimitation of font forms, limitation of colors, grouping number,neatness, decipherability, non-intimidating, conventionality, colorharmony, color appropriateness, consistency of luminance, and/orconsistency of size using a comfort quantizer or combiner circuit 60.

Fonts have many properties that can be selected to achieve differenteffects. Font families can be chosen to give the document differentfeelings, from formal to playful, light to serious, modern to classical.Font size can affect the cost and legibility. Font weights such as bold,can convey importance; font styles, such as italic, can indicate that itis special. Font variants such as strikethrough or outlined can addfurther meaning. If, however, a single document contains too manydifferent font forms, the result is disquieting. Such “ransom note”documents are considered bad style because they lead to discomfort inthe reader. The first factor that shall be considered as contributing toviewer comfort is the limitation of the number of font forms. Any changein the font specification (family, size, weight, style or variant)yields a new form. The document can be examined, and the number ofdistinct font forms Nf can be counted. This can be converted to a numberranging from near 0 (for the case of many font forms) to 1 (for whenthere is no more than a single font form) by the expression:V_(lt)=1/MAXIMUM(1,Nf)

However, more sophisticated measures are possible. One can, for example,include as part of the measure just how different the fonts are from oneanother. This can be done by first constructing a list, F, of all thefont forms that appear in the document. One can then compare every fontform in the list to every other font form and accumulate a measure oftheir differences. For fonts of different sizes, one can make themeasure a function of the size difference (such as its absolute value).For font weights, one can add to the measure a function of the weightdifference. Since weights are usually limited to a small set of choices,tables FW[weight(f1), weight(f2)] can be used to describe the weightdifference function. Contributions due to differences in family styleand variant can also be captured in tables, or a single constant amountcan be added whenever any difference in any of these properties occurs.Comparing every font form to every other font form results indifferences accumulating on the order of the square of the number offonts.

Just as too many fonts are considered to be poor style, so are too manycolors. A document with lots of colors is considered garish. The viewertries to make sense of the colors and a large number makes this adifficult and uncomfortable task. A large number of colors will tire theeye. A simple measure of the effect is just a count of the number ofdifferent colors found within the document. This can be determined bystepping through the document, identifying the colors and saving them ina list (or other data structure such as a tree or hash table). As eachcolor is encountered it can be compared to the colors already in thelist to determine whether or not it has been seen before. If it is a newcolor then it is added to the list. After the document has beenprocessed, the number of entries in the list can be counted to give thetotal number of colors Nc. This can be converted to a number rangingfrom near 0 (for many colors) to 1 (for no more than a single color) bythe expression: V_(lc)=1/MAXIMUM(1, Nc)

The above scheme works for constant, uniform colors such as typicallyused in graphics, but does not address how to handle color sweeps or thehuge number of colors seen in pictorial images. For color sweeps one canrestrict the list entry to only the first and last colors of the sweep.For pictorial images, one can ignore them altogether, or extract a fewcolors from the image by subsampling, or extract a few colors by acluster analysis of the image values in color space. The test forwhether a color is already in the list does not have to be a strictmatch. One can compare colors by computing the distance between them incolor space and comparing the distance to a threshold. If the distanceis below the threshold, the colors can be considered close enough tomatch, and a new color list entry is not needed.

The comfort can depend on the choice of colors as well as the number ofthem. One might therefore compare the colors of the document pair-wiseand accumulate a measure of their compatibility. A simple value toaccumulate would be the distance between the colors in a color space,but a better measure of the affect on comfort would be the colordissonance of the pair. Since comparing colors pair-wise accumulatesvalues as the square of the number of colors, one can divide the totalby the number of colors in the document to get a measure that varieslinearly with the number of colors. Not every color is equally tiring onthe eye and more sophisticated measures can take this into account.Strongly saturated colors have more of an effect than neutral ones.There are several possible ways to calculate an approximate saturationvalue that can be used in augmenting its discomfort contribution. Thesewere described in the above discussion on colorfulness under theeye-catching ability property.

For each color in the list, one can add a contribution to a total colordiscomfort measure. The contribution can be a function of thesaturation. For example, for the i^(th) color with saturation c_(i), thecontribution might be ac+c_(i) where ac is a constant value representingthe effect of just having another color, and c_(i) is the additionaldiscomfort due to that color's saturation. dc=ac Nc+Σc_(i) where dc isthe color discomfort measure. It is also possible to keep track of thetotal document area rendered in each color and include a function ofboth the saturation and the area in the augmentation of the discomfortcalculation. The idea here is that the effect of a large colored area isstronger than the effect of a small one. An expression such as:V_(lc)=1/(bc+dc) where bc is a small positive constant, can be used toconvert the discomfort measure into a limitation of color measure thatvaries between 0 and 1.

People are more comfortable with some group sizes than others. A groupshould not have too many or too few elements, and odd numbers arepreferred over even. The best size for a group is 3 elements. A simpleexpression for the comfort of a group number is: Gc=1/(eg+ag(1−MOD2(eg))) where eg is the number of elements in the group, ag is aconstant that gives the added discomfort of a even number of elements,and MOD2 is a function that give 0 if its argument is even and 1 if itis odd. For an entire document, one needs some method of averaging thegrouping number comfort values over all groups. For example, if thereare Ng groups in the document and the comfort value of the i^(th) groupis Gc_(i), then the simple average over all groups yields:V_(gn)=ΣGc_(i)/Ng. More complex averaging schemes are possible. Forexample, one could weight the effect of the grouping number comfortdifferently depending on the placement of the group within the hierarchyof the document's logical structure tree.

People are generally more comfortable with a neat document than with amessy one. One can quantify neatness as a combination of contributingfactors. In many cases it is easier to identify a factor that makes adocument messy and uses the inverse of such factors. An example of aneatness measure is offered based on the text neatness, border andbackground presence, alignment, and/or regularity. Neatness estimatesthat employ additional factors are possible. In combining the componentneatness measures, assume that any source of messiness will destroy theoverall neatness (just as was argued for overall comfort). A similarcombining formula can be used. V_(nt)=[Σw_(i)(d+V_(i))^(−p)]^(−1/p)−donly now the V_(i) are taken from the set V_(tn), V_(bb), V_(al) andV_(rg) for the text neatness, border/background, alignment andregularity. The weights w_(i), and parameters p and d can be differentfrom those used in calculating comfort.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 83, is useful inevaluating the document's neatness. More specifically, the neatness, asillustrated in FIG. 83, is considered a combination of text neatness,border and background presence, alignment, and/or regularity. In FIG.83, the quantized neatness value is derived by a combining of the textneatness, border and background presence, alignment, and/or regularityusing a neatness quantizer or combiner circuit 60. An example of howfactors can contribute to neatness, consider the neatness of text. Textneatness can be harmed by the use of some font variants and styles (suchas underscored text or italics). Quoted text is also considered to beless neat than unquoted text. One can step through the documentexamining the text, considering every word, space, and punctuation. Forwords (and punctuation) determine a neatness value based on the fontused (f). Consider the font family, style and variant when estimatingthe font (un)neatness or messiness. These properties can be consideredindependently and look-up tables (Tf, Ts, and Tv) can be used to storethe messiness effect for each. A total messiness measure can collect theeffect of the font choice.mt=mt+Tf[family(f)]+Ts[style(f)]+Tv[variant(f)]

For punctuation, look for quotation marks and add an extra contributionfor the quotation. In general one can add a contribution based on thecharacter code c and a table Tc can store the contribution amounts. Thiscan apply to spaces, letters and numbers as well as punctuation.mt=mt+Tc[c]. The contributions from font and character can be chosensuch that the total messiness contribution for a character neverexceeds 1. To get an average value for text messiness sum the messinessvalue for each character (mt_(i) for the i^(th) character) and divide bythe total number of characters Nch. The text neatness is the inverse ofthe messiness. V_(tn)=1−Σmt_(i)/Nch.

FIG. 84 illustrates an example of a neater document. FIG. 85 illustratesan example of a less neat document. The use of borders and backgroundscan aid in understanding the document's structure and can add to thedocument's interest, but it also results in a document that is not quiteas neat as one without these additions. A document offers severalopportunities for borders and/or backgrounds. They can be found on eachpage, or for columns, for sections, tables or figures. Step through thedocument considering each opportunity for a border or background. Ateach such opportunity check to see if a border or a background isactually present. If a border is present add the amount vbd to amessiness measure mbb. If a background is present add the amount vbk tombb. Also count the number of opportunities encountered Nb. The neatnesscontribution from borders and backgrounds is the inverse of theiraverage messiness: V_(bb)=1−mbb/Nb

An important contributor to neatness is the impression that the documentcomponents are aligned and regularly positioned. These factors weredescribed above in the discussion on document aesthetics. Using thetechniques described measures V_(al) and V_(rg) for document alignmentand regularity can be calculated. Note that the weighting factors fortheir contribution to neatness are likely to be different from thefactors used in their contribution to aesthetics. Some text takes morework to decipher and understand than others do. Text printed in italicsor using an abnormal font variant is harder to read. Light colored texton a light background, or dark text on a dark background takes an effortto decipher. This work will tire the reader and make the documentuncomfortable to use. A method for estimating the averagedecipherability of a document V_(dc) was described above in thediscussion on how well a document communicates. Some document constructscan act to intimidate the reader. By noting the degree to which thesefactors are present, one can form an intimidation measure. Intimidationacts against comfort, so the inverse of the intimidation factor shouldcontribute to the comfort estimation. Factors that intimidate include alow amount of white space, high information density, low legibility,bold text, a low picture fraction, line use, and/or a high technicallevel. Many of the factors are familiar from IRS forms. Anon-intimidation measure is actually calculated by combining theinverses of the factors that intimidate. To combine the variouscontributions to the document's non-intimidation factor, a simpleweighted average is used, although more complex combination schemes arepossible. V_(in)=Σw_(i)V_(i) where w_(i) are the weights and the V_(i)are the non-intimidation component values V_(ws), V_(il), V_(ig),V_(dc), V_(nb), V_(pf), V_(ni), V_(lt)corresponding to the above list offactors.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 86, is useful inevaluating the document's intimidation. More specifically, theintimidation, as illustrated in FIG. 86, is considered a combination ofa low amount of white space, high information density, low legibility,bold text, a low picture fraction, line use, and/or a high technicallevel. In FIG. 86, the quantized intimidation value is derived by acombining of the a low amount of white space, high information density,low legibility, bold text, a low picture fraction, line use, and/or ahigh technical level using an intimidation quantizer or combiner circuit62. Documents that are “open” with lots of white space are not asintimidating as those that are filled with content. A method forestimating the white space fraction was described above in thediscussion of how well a document communicates.

The non white space area can be estimated by totaling the areas of thecontent objects. The total object area can be scaled by the totaldocument area Ad. V_(ws)=(Ad−ΣA_(i))/Ad. Densely packed information isintimidating and so inverse of the information density can contribute tothe non-intimidation measure. Such an information lightness measure wasdescribed above in the discussion of a document's eye-catching ability.An illegible document is intimidating, so legibility should contributeto the non-intimidation measure. A method for estimating legibility wasdescribed in the above discussion of a document's ability tocommunicate. The use of bold or heavy weight text is intimidating. Sincea non-intimidation measure is desired, one would like to have a textlightness measure (high values associated with light text weights). Amethod for determining such a measure is straightforward. Step throughthe document and examine the text to see what fonts are used. One canuse a table Tl to look up a lightness value tl for the weight of thefont f. tl=Tl[weight(f)].

If tl_(i) is the lightness value for the i^(th) character, then one canfind an average lightness (non-boldness) value by summing the lightnessvalues and dividing by the total number of characters Nch.V_(nb)=Σtl_(i)/Nch. The presence of vertical lines can be intimidating,especially thick ones with high contrast. A method for quantifying theeffect of vertical lines is to first step through the document and findthem. This includes vertical lines that are part of borders and alsorectangles with the ratio of width to height less than a thresholdvalue. For each line discovered, multiply its area Al by its luminancecontrast cl. Sum all the weighted areas and divide by the area of thedocument Ad to get a value between 0 and 1. Since the area devoted tovertical lines is typically small this expression understates theeffect, but raising it to a fractional power can boost its strength. Onethen needs to invert the result to get the non-intimidationcontribution. V_(nl)=1−(Σcl_(i)Al_(i)/Ad)^(1/p)

Highly technical material is intimidating. The measure of technicallevel includes such things as reading ease, the presence of numbers, andthe absence of pictures. A definition of an example technical levelmeasure is given above in the discussion of how well a documentcommunicates. The technical level V_(tl) can be inverted for a measureof non-technical level that can be used in the non-intimidatingcalculation. V_(nt)=1−V_(tl). People have certain expectations aboutdocument styles. There are conventions that they are accustomed to.Violating such customs may yield some benefits (such as attractingattention) and incur costs (such as reduced ease of use). Violatingconvention almost always creates a little discomfort. Conventionality isdefined as the inverse of novelty. A measure of novelty was presentedabove in the discussion of how well a document holds interest.

Some combinations of colors fit harmoniously together while othersclash. Clashing or dissonant colors tire the eye and cause discomfortwhile harmonious colors can sooth the viewer. Color harmony is definedas the inverse of color dissonance, V_(d), which was described above inthe discussion of a document's eye-catching ability. The color harmonyis then: V_(ch)=1−V_(d). Another aspect of what is expected is theappropriateness of the color choices. The document design rule is thatlarge background areas should use desaturated colors while smallforeground objects should use saturated colors. One can form a measureof the color inappropriateness by multiplying each object's area by itssaturation. Actually the area should be measured as a fraction of thetotal document area Ad in order to restrict the result to the range of 0to 1. A large result comes from a large area with a high saturation(which is inappropriate). For an average value for the entire document,one must combine the values from all objects, and with a simpleweighting of saturation by area it would be possible to get a measure ofinappropriate color use from many small saturated foreground objects,when this may actually be appropriate. A better measure is to raise thearea fraction to a power. This further reduces the influence of smallobjects. This leads to a color appropriated measure that looks asfollows: V_(ca)=1−Σc_(i)(A_(i)/Ad)^(p) where p is a value greater than1.

The rule for consistency of luminance states that for a group of contentelements, the dark elements should come first and the lighter elementsshould follow. Note, however, that the logical structure of a documentis typically a tree with each branch node representing a group. Thus themembers of a group are often other groups. The content elements may notbe simple objects with a single color and luminance. The consistency ofluminance rule can still be applied, but the luminance used should bethe average luminance of the subtree group member. To determine theaverage luminance of an object, get the luminance of the object Lf, theluminance of the background Lb, the area with the foreground color Afand the bounding area of the object Ao. The average luminance Lav isthen: Lav=(Lf Af+Lb (Ao−Af))/Ao. The average luminance for a group ofobjects is the sum of the average luminance values for its membersweighted by their areas plus the contribution from the background. If Agis the bounding area of the group, Lav_(i) is the average luminance forthe ith group member and A_(i) is the area of that member then theaverage luminance for the group Lavg is: Lavg=ΣLav_(i)A_(i)+Lb(Ag−ΣA_(i)))/Ag.

To find a measure of the consistency of luminance for a group, stepthrough the members of the group and find the average luminance of eachmember. Compare that luminance to the previous member's luminance and ifthe new luminance is darker than the old then collect the difference.This actually gives a measure of the inconsistency and one can use areciprocal function to convert it to a consistency value ranging between0 and 1. The above method indicates how to calculate a measure for eachnode in the content tree, but does not say how to obtain a collectivevalue for the tree as a whole. One method for doing this is to form aweighted average of all the tree node values, where the weight is afunction of the depth of the tree. One can also raise the values beingcombined to a negative power such that a bad consistency value carriesthe impact of many good values. This can be summarized as:V_(cl)=((Σw_(i)(dcl+Vcl_(i))^(−p))/Σw_(i))^(−1/p)−dcl where the sums areover all group nodes in the content tree, w_(i) is the node depthVcl_(i) is the consistency of luminance of the node and dcl is a smallpositive constant and p is a positive value such as 1.

FIG. 88 is an example of consistent luminance. FIG. 89 is an example ofinconsistent luminance. The design rule for consistency of size is thatfor a group of content elements, the large elements should come firstand the smaller elements should follow. To find a measure of theconsistency of size for a group step through the members of the groupand find the bounding size of each member. Compare that size to theprevious member's size and if the new size is bigger than the old thencollect the difference. This actually gives a measure of theinconsistency and one can use a reciprocal function to convert it to aconsistency value ranging between 0 and 1. In considering the members ofthe group, one may wish to exclude certain special members (such asheadings) from the size comparisons. The above method indicates how tocalculate a measure for each node in the content tree, but does not sayhow to obtain a collective value for the tree as a whole. One method fordoing this is to form a weighted average of all the tree node values,where the weight is a function of the depth of the tree. One can alsoraise the values being combined to a negative power such that a badconsistency value carries the impact of many good values. This can besummarized as: V_(cs)=((Σw_(i)(dcs+Vcs_(i))^(−p))/Σw_(i))^(−1/p)−dcswhere the sums is over all group nodes in the content tree, w_(i) is thenode depth Vcs_(i) is the consistency of size of the node and dcs is asmall positive constant and p is a positive value such as 1.

FIG. 90 is an example of consistent size. FIG. 91 is an example ofinconsistent size. Another document property that contributes to itsquality is the convenience level or ease of use at which the document isperceived. A method for quantifying the document convenience level willnext be described. As with other properties, convenience is calculatedas a combination of simpler properties or factors. Violating any of thecomponent factors can result in inconvenience and ruin the overallconvenience of the document layout. Component factors can includeconsistency, legibility, disability proof, ease of navigation, ease ofprogression, searchability, locatability, viewable fraction, singlewindow display, and/or transmission and processing time.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 92, is useful inevaluating the document's convenience. More specifically, theconvenience, as illustrated in FIG. 92, is considered a combination ofconsistency, legibility, disability proof, ease of navigation, ease ofprogression, searchability, locatability, viewable fraction, singlewindow display, and/or transmission and processing time. In FIG. 92, thequantized convenience value is derived by a combining of theconsistency, legibility, disability proof, ease of navigation, ease ofprogression, searchability, locatability, viewable fraction, singlewindow display, and/or transmission and processing time using aconvenience quantizer or combiner circuit 70.

In graphic design there are many consistency rules. Consistency helpspeople build an internal model of the document that, in turn, makes iteasier to use. Some of the contributing rules or factors to consistencyand how factors can be combined into an overall consistency measure willnow be described. The example consistency measure will include positionorder, luminance, size, and/or style. The methods for calculatingmeasures for these factors have been described above and will not berepeated in detail here. In combining the component consistency measuresassume that any source of inconsistency will destroy the overallconsistency. A combining formula that can be used is as follows.V_(nt)=[Σw_(i)(d+V_(i))^(−p)]^(−1/p)−d where the V_(i) are taken fromthe set V_(cp), V_(cl), V_(csz) and V_(cst). The weights w_(i), indicatethe relative importance of the different measures. The parameter p is anumber 1 or larger and d is a value slightly larger than 0.

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 94, is useful inevaluating the document's consistency. More specifically, theconsistency, as illustrated in FIG. 94, is considered a combination ofposition order, luminance, size, and/or style. In FIG. 94, the quantizedconsistency value is derived by a combining of the position order,luminance, size, and/or style using a consistency quantizer or combinercircuit 72. For position order there are actually two measures,consistency of scan and/or consistency of order, both of which aredescribed above in the discussion on quantifying how well a documentcommunicates. The layout placement of content objects should follow oneof these two rules to achieve a consistent model between logical orderand layout position. However, the layout need not follow both modelssimultaneously. One should therefore combine the consistency of scanV_(cs) and the consistency of order V_(co) into an overall consistencyof position V_(cp). A simple way to do this is: V_(cp)=MAXIMUM(V_(cs),V_(co))

A combination of measures, as illustrated in FIG. 93, is useful inevaluating the document's consistency of position. More specifically,the consistency of position, as illustrated in FIG. 93, is considered acombination of consistency of scan and/or consistency of order. In FIG.94, the quantized consistency of position value is derived by acombining of the consistency of scan and/or consistency of order using aconsistency of position quantizer or combiner circuit 71. A method forcomputing a measure of the consistency of luminance V_(cl) is describedin the above discussion of document comfort. The idea is that darkeritems should precede lighter ones in a group. A method for computing ameasure of the consistency of size V_(csz) is also presented in theabove discussion on document comfort. The idea is that larger itemsshould precede smaller ones in a group. A method for computing a measureof the consistency of style V_(cst) is presented above in the discussionof ease of use of groups. The idea is that items at similar positions inthe content structure should have matching styles.

A document that is difficult to read is often difficult to use. Ameasure of legibility V_(lg) was defined above as a contributor to adocument's communicability. It can contribute to convenience as well ascommunicability but with a different weight. In fact, one could arguethat communicability, as a whole, should be used as a contributor toconvenience. While this is not ruled out, the example here will justinclude a few of the components of communicability that have particularbearing on convenience. Considering them separately allows one to givethem different weights when contributing to convenience than those usedfor the contribution to communicability. In general, disability proofrefers to how well the document can serve people with handicaps. Forexample, a document of only text can be read to someone who is blind,but a document with images would be much harder to convey. Anotherexample of a contributor to a disability proof measure is the red-greenfriendliness property that was defined in the above discussion on howwell a document communicates. The idea behind the measure is that thereshould be either luminance contrast or blue-yellow contrast betweenforeground and background colors in order to be red-green friendly.Without this contrast it would be difficult for a colorblind person todistinguish foreground object from background. This measure will be usedas an example of a simple disability proof function, V_(dp). Additionalfunctions for other handicaps are certainly possible and could becombined into a more sophisticated measure.

Methods for estimating the ease of navigation V_(en) and ease ofprogression V_(ep) were also described above in the discussion of howwell a document communicates. They contribute to convenience as well ascommunicability, and, in fact, are more important (and have largerweights) as convenience measures than as communicability measures. Theidea behind the calculation of these properties is to estimate andcombine contributing features such as distinguishability, groupidentity, spatial coherence, list bullets, headings, internal links,alignment and others. Two other related concepts are the searchabilityV_(sh) and the locatability V_(lo). Locatability is a measure of howeasy it is to find a document object (whereas ease of navigation is howeasy it is to find a document location). Searchability is a roughermeasure that looks for the presence of document features that aid inlocating document objects. These measures have been described above inthe discussion of measures for the ease of use of content groups.

When a document is broken into pages, some content groups may get spreadover two or more pages. If the document is displayed on a workstation,some entire content groups may not fit completely into the displaywindow. This inability to view the logical group as a unit can be ahindrance and should reduce the document's convenience measure. Toestimate the viewable fraction for a group displayed on a workstation,first find the bounding size (width and height of the group (wg, hg).Next find the size of the typical display window (wp, hp). The viewablewidth and height is the minimum of the group and window dimensions.wv=MINIMUM(wg, wp)hv=MINIMUM(hg, hp)

The measure of unity of display for the group is then given by ratio ofthe visible area to group area: U=(wv hv)/(wg hg).

For the case where the group has been split over pages, one canconstruct a measure by first finding the area of the group elements oneach page (e.g. Ag_(p) for page p). Next find the maximum area among thepieces and divide it by the total group area. U=MAXP(Ag_(p))/ΣAg_(p).While this provides a measure for any particular group within adocument, one still has to somehow combine these group measures toachieve an overall measure of the document's viewable fraction.Recognize that the level of the group within the documents logical treestructure should make a difference. One would be much less likely toexpect or need high-level groups to be seen as a unit than the low levelgroups near the bottom of the tree. First sort the groups by their treelevel and find a simple average value for each level (i.e. Uav L). Thencombine the average values for the levels weighted by a function of thelevel: V_(vf)=Σw(L) Uav L/Σw(L)

The weighting function w(L) should increase with increasing level suchas w(L)=a L for a constant a. While the viewable fraction measure givessome indication of whether document components can be seen in theirentirety, there is a special advantage in being able to see the entiredocument in a single window or page. A simple calculation can be used tocreate this measure. It is the same as for viewable fraction, only ituses the area of the entire document. If the width and height of thedocument are wd, hd and the width and height of the display or page arewp hp, then calculate:wv=MINIMUM(wd, wp)hv=MINIMUM(hd, hp)

And set the single window display measure to:V_(swd)=(wv hv)/(wd hd)

FIG. 95 illustrates the generation of an electronic window 150associated with a page 100 of a document. The electronic window 150includes navigation buttons to navigation over the page or through thedocument. This electronic window 150 can be used to define the areas ofthe document to be analyzed as well as allow the user to define whatclasses and sub-parameters which are to be measured and quantized. Oneof the more annoying and inconvenient occurrences when obtaining orprocessing a document is having to wait while the machine works ondownloading or displaying it. The transmission time is a product of thesize of the document file and the bandwidth of the communicationschannel. While processing time can also depend upon the types of objectsthat the document contains and on the type of processing being done, arough estimate can be formed as the product of the file size and aprocessing speed factor. One can therefore use the file size as a roughindicator of these time costs. To convert file size S into a valuebetween 0 and 1 one can use the expression: V_(tm)=at/(at+S) where at isa constant that is about the typical document file size.

One other dimension by which the quality of a document may be judged isby the costs that it incurs. Costs arise in several ways. For printeddocuments, there is the cost of the materials required (the paper andthe ink). There is also a cost in the effort required to print thedocument (labor and press time). Material cost may not apply todocuments viewed on electronic displays, but there is the cost totransmit and store the document. There is also the cost in the time theviewer spends waiting while the document is transmitted, or while it isbeing processed for display. Many of these costs depend upon the size ofthe document (such as described above for transmission and processingtime). However, other properties can also have an effect. For example,the size of the fonts can affect the amount of paper needed forprinting, and the presence of color can affect the cost of the ink.

It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and otherfeatures and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirablycombined into many other different systems or applications. Also thatvarious presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives,modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequentlymade by those skilled in the art which are also intended to beencompassed by the following claims.

1. A method for adjusting a layout of a document to alter the quality ofthe document, the quality of the document being a quantized measurementof parameters, comprising: (a) electronically generating a base documentwith a plurality of blocks, each block having a plurality of documentparameters associated therewith; (b) electronically generating a basequantized quality score for the base document based upon the parametersof the base document; (c) electronically modifying the parameters of thebase document and generating a quantized quality score for the documentbased upon the modified parameters of the base document; (d)electronically comparing the quantized quality score with the basequantized quality score; (e) electronically changing the base quantizedquality score to equal the quantized quality score and the parameters ofthe document to equal the modifications when the quantized quality scoreis closer to a preferred quantized quality score than the base quantizedquality score; (f) electronically continuing modifying, and comparinguntil the quantized quality score is equal to the preferred quantizedquality score; (g) displaying, on a display device, the changeddocument; (h) electronically determining if a user has accepted thechanged document; and (i) continuing modifying, comparing, anddisplaying until a user has accepted the changed document.
 2. The methodas claimed in claim 1, wherein the displayed document is displayed aftereach comparison.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein thedisplayed document is displayed after a predetermined number ofparameter modifications.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe displayed document is displayed after a sufficient differencebetween the quantized quality score and the base quantized quality scoreis reached.
 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein thecontinuation of the modifying, comparing, and displaying is delayed apredetermined amount of time to enable a user ample time to review thechanged document.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein thedisplayed document is displayed when a difference between the quantizedquality score and the preferred quantized quality score is within apredetermined range.
 7. A method for adjusting a layout of a document toalter the quality of the document, the quality of the document being aquantized measurement of parameters, comprising: (a) electronicallygenerating a base document with a plurality of blocks, each block havinga plurality of document parameters associated therewith; (b)electronically generating a base quantized quality score for the basedocument based upon the parameters of the base document; (c)electronically changing the parameters of the document and generating afirst quantized quality score for the document based upon the changedparameters of the document; (d) electronically comparing the firstquantized quality score with the base quantized quality score; (e)electronically changing the base quantized quality score to equal thefirst quantized quality score and the parameters of the document toequal the changes when the first quantized quality score is closer to apreferred quantized quality score than the base quantized quality score;(f) displaying, on a display device, the changed document; (g)electronically determining if a user has accepted the changed document;and (h) continuing changing, comparing, and displaying until a user hasaccepted the changed document.
 8. The method as claimed in claim 7,wherein the changing, comparing, and displaying are continued until thefirst quantized quality score is equal to the preferred quantizedquality score.
 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein thecontinuation of the changing, comparing, and displaying is delayed untila user inputs a proceed command.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 7,wherein the continuation of the changing, comparing, and displaying isdelayed a predetermined amount of time to enable a user ample time toreview the changed document.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 7,wherein the displayed document is displayed after each comparison. 12.The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the displayed document isdisplayed after a predetermined number of parameter modifications. 13.The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the displayed document isdisplayed when a difference between the quantized quality score and thepreferred quantized quality score is within a predetermined range. 14.The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the displayed document isdisplayed after a sufficient difference between the quantized qualityscore and the base quantized quality score is reached.
 15. A method foradjusting a layout of a document to alter the quality of the document,the quality of the document being a quantized measurement of parameters,comprising: (a) electronically generating a base document with aplurality of blocks, each block having a plurality of documentparameters associated therewith; (b) manually, by a user through a userinput device, changing the parameters of the base document; (c)electronically generating a base quantized quality score for themanually changed base document; (d) electronically changing,automatically, the parameters of the document and generating a firstquantized quality score for the document based upon the changedparameters of the document; (e) electronically comparing the firstquantized quality score with the base quantized quality score; (f)electronically changing the base quantized quality score to equal thefirst quantized quality score and the parameters of the document toequal the changes when the first quantized quality score is closer to apreferred quantized quality score than the base quantized quality score;(g) displaying, on a display device, the changed document; (h)electronically determining if a user has accepted the changed document;and (i) continuing changing, comparing, and displaying until the userhas accepted the changed document.
 16. The method as claimed in claim15, wherein the changing, comparing, and displaying are continued untilthe first quantized quality score is equal to the preferred quantizedquality score.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein thecontinuation of the changing, comparing, and displaying is delayed untila user inputs a proceed command.
 18. The method as claimed in claim 15,wherein the continuation of the changing, comparing, and displaying isdelayed a predetermined amount of time to enable a user ample time toreview the changed document.
 19. The method as claimed in claim 15,wherein the displayed document is displayed after each comparison. 20.The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the displayed document isdisplayed after a predetermined number of parameter modifications. 21.The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the displayed document isdisplayed when a difference between the quantized quality score and thepreferred quantized quality score is within a predetermined range.